ArticleBulletin of the World Health Organization1985
Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: improving water supplies and excreta disposal facilities.
Article in Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1985. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 458 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rinse-free hand wash for reducing absenteeism among preschool and school children.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Household water quantity and health: a systematic review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2015Pooled it
- Fecal contamination of drinking-water in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS medicine · 2014Pooled it
- Interventions to improve disposal of human excreta for preventing diarrhoea.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2010Pooled it
- Water, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhoea.International journal of epidemiology · 2010Pooled it
- Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2007Pooled it
- The relationship between infecting dose and severity of disease in reported outbreaks of Salmonella infections.Epidemiology and infection · 1992Pooled it
- Latrine promotion for trachoma: assessment of mortality from a cluster-randomized trial in Ethiopia.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2011Trial
- The effects of informational interventions on household water management, hygiene behaviors, stored drinking water quality, and hand contamination in peri-urban Tanzania.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2011Trial
- Sustainability of zinc coverage for acute childhood diarrhea in Bangladesh and other low- and middle-income countries: one decade following the SUZY project.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Addressing Fecal Contamination in Rural Kenyan Households: The Roles of Environmental Interventions and Animal Ownership.Environmental science & technology · 2024Article
- The Impact of Rapid Handpump Repairs on Diarrhea Morbidity in Children: Cross-Sectional Study in Kwale County, Kenya.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2024Article
- Measuring Water Quantity Used for Personal and Domestic Hygiene and Determinants of Water Use in a Low-Income Urban Community.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Interventions promoting uptake of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) technologies in low- and middle-income countries: An evidence and gap map of effectiveness studies.Campbell systematic reviews · 2021Article
- Laboratory-based surveillance of Shigella spp. from human clinical cases in Colombia, 1997-2018Biomedica : revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud · 2021Article
- PROTOCOL: Water, sanitation and hygiene for reducing childhood mortality in low- and middle-income countries.Campbell systematic reviews · 2021Article
- Systems Science Approaches for Global Environmental Health Research: Enhancing Intervention Design and Implementation for Household Air Pollution (HAP) and Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Programs.Environmental health perspectives · 2020Article
- Burden of laboratory-confirmed shigellosis infections in Guatemala 2007-2012: results from a population-based surveillance system.BMC public health · 2019Article
- Characterization and Genomic Analysis of SFPH2, a NovelFrontiers in microbiology · 2018Article
- 'Fit for school' - a school-based water, sanitation and hygiene programme to improve child health: Results from a longitudinal study in Cambodia, Indonesia and Lao PDR.BMC public health · 2017Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A theoretical model is proposed that relates the level of ingestion of diarrhoea-causing pathogens to the frequency of diarrhoea in the community. The implications of this model are that, in poor communities with inadequate water supply and excreta disposal, reducing the level of enteric pathogen ingestion by a given amount will have a greater impact on diarrhoea mortality rates than on morbidity rates, a greater impact on the incidence rate of severe diarrhoea than on that of mild diarrhoea, and a greater impact on diarrhoea caused by pathogens having high infectious doses than on diarrhoea caused by pathogens of a low infectious dose. The impact of water supply and sanitation on diarrhoea, related infections, nutritional status, and mortality is analysed by reviewing 67 studies from 28 countries. The median reductions in diarrhoea morbidity rates are 22% from all studies and 27% from a few better-designed studies. All studies of the impact on total mortality rates show a median reduction of 21%, while the few better-designed studies give a median reduction of 30%. Improvements in water quality have less of an impact than improvements in water availability or excreta disposal.
Indexed as
Identifiers
3878742PMC2536385W120314362What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.