ArticleJMIR mental health2024
The Artificial Third: A Broad View of the Effects of Introducing Generative Artificial Intelligence on Psychotherapy.
Article in JMIR mental health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Art psychotherapy meets creative AI: an integrative review positioning the role of creative AI in art therapy process.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Pooled it
- The use of artificial intelligence in psychotherapy: development of intelligent therapeutic systems.BMC psychology · 2025Trial
- Generative AI emotion recognition from bodily gestures and vocal tone reveals modality-specific performance and positivity bias.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- "I Really Feel Heard by AI": A Cultural Case Study of AI-Mediated Listening Across China and the UK.Culture, medicine and psychiatry · 2026Article
- Consumer and Patient Health Information Seeking With Generative AI Tools: Scoping Review of Facilitators and Barriers.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- Psychological Risk Assessment in Plastic Surgery via a DeepSeek Large Language Model: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Article
- Article
- Artificial Intelligence in Couple and Family Therapy: Introduction of the AI Competencies.Journal of marital and family therapy · 2026Article
- Navigating the complexity of AI adoption in psychotherapy by identifying key facilitators and barriers.Npj mental health research · 2026Article
- The effectiveness of multilingual AI-based simulator for suicide risk assessment training in improving self-efficacy among young psychiatrists: a pilot study across twenty languages.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Generative AI as a de facto mental health provider: a policy brief and urgent call for regulation.Frontiers in digital health · 2026Article
- Non-death loss and GenAI: ethical reflections on griefbots of the living.Frontiers in genetics · 2026Article
- A Systematic Review of User Attitudes Toward GenAI: Influencing Factors and Industry Perspectives.Journal of Intelligence · 2025Review
- Applying language models for suicide prevention: evaluating news article adherence to WHO reporting guidelines.Npj mental health research · 2025Article
- Article
- The Feasibility of Large Language Models in Verbal Comprehension Assessment: Mixed Methods Feasibility Study.JMIR formative research · 2025Article
- Exploring the Ethical Challenges of Conversational AI in Mental Health Care: Scoping Review.JMIR mental health · 2025Article
- Responsible Design, Integration, and Use of Generative AI in Mental Health.JMIR mental health · 2025Article
- Evaluating Diagnostic Accuracy and Treatment Efficacy in Mental Health: A Comparative Analysis of Large Language Model Tools and Mental Health Professionals.European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education · 2025Article
- Is Artificial Intelligence the Next Co-Pilot for Primary Care in Diagnosing and Recommending Treatments for Depression?Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Unlabelled: This paper explores a significant shift in the field of mental health in general and psychotherapy in particular following generative artificial intelligence's new capabilities in processing and generating humanlike language. Following Freud, this lingo-technological development is conceptualized as the "fourth narcissistic blow" that science inflicts on humanity. We argue that this narcissistic blow has a potentially dramatic influence on perceptions of human society, interrelationships, and the self. We should, accordingly, expect dramatic changes in perceptions of the therapeutic act following the emergence of what we term the artificial third in the field of psychotherapy. The introduction of an artificial third marks a critical juncture, prompting us to ask the following important core questions that address two basic elements of critical thinking, namely, transparency and autonomy: (1) What is this new artificial presence in therapy relationships? (2) How does it reshape our perception of ourselves and our interpersonal dynamics? and (3) What remains of the irreplaceable human elements at the core of therapy? Given the ethical implications that arise from these questions, this paper proposes that the artificial third can be a valuable asset when applied with insight and ethical consideration, enhancing but not replacing the human touch in therapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.