ArticlemSystems2024
The impact of kit, environment, and sampling contamination on the observed microbiome of bovine milk.
Article in mSystems, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Dairy Ruminant Gut Microbiome: Profile, Responsiveness to Seasonality and Impact on Milk Quality.Environmental microbiology · 2026Review
- Host-microbiome interactions in breast cancer progression and treatment response.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Longitudinal analysis reveals transitions in pathogen profiles associated with mastitis in dairy cows.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- Assessment of bacterial diversity in bovine bulk tank milk samples from Brazil.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2025Article
- Microbiome study of Murrah buffalo mastitis milk with emphasis on Acinetobacter species.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Annual and Seasonal Trends in Mastitis Pathogens Isolated from Milk Samples from Dairy Cows of California's San Joaquin Valley Dairies Between January 2009 and December 2023.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Fresh pork microbiota is temporally dynamic and compositionally diverse across meat, contact surfaces, and processing lines in a pork processing facility.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Microbiome characterization of two fresh pork cuts during production in a pork fabrication facility.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Comparative study of milk microbiota and metabolome in long-lived dairy cows with different persistent production capacities.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- The gut microbiome and resistome of yellow perch (One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2024Article
- Assessing antimicrobial resistance in pasture-based dairy farms: a 15-month surveillance study in New Zealand.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- Production, Composition and Nutritional Properties of Organic Milk: A Critical Review.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In low-microbial biomass samples such as bovine milk, contaminants can outnumber endogenous bacteria. Because of this, milk microbiome research suffers from a critical knowledge gap, namely, does non-mastitis bovine milk contain a native microbiome? In this study, we sampled external and internal mammary epithelia and stripped and cisternal milk and used numerous negative controls, including air and sampling controls and extraction and library preparation blanks, to identify the potential sources of contamination. Two algorithms were used to mathematically remove contaminants and track the potential movement of microbes among samples. Results suggest that the majority (i.e., >75%) of sequence data generated from bovine milk and mammary epithelium samples represents contaminating DNA. Contaminants in milk samples were primarily sourced from DNA extraction kits and the internal and external skin of the teat, while teat canal and apex samples were mainly contaminated during the sampling process. After decontamination, the milk microbiome displayed a more dispersed, less diverse, and compositionally distinct bacterial profile compared with epithelial samples. Similar microbial compositions were observed between cisternal and stripped milk samples, as well as between teat apex and canal samples.
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Registered trials
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