ArticleCell reports. Medicine2024
SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections enhance T cell response magnitude, breadth, and epitope repertoire.
Article in Cell reports. Medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed.
- Oral live attenuated polio vaccines induce enhanced T-cell responses with broad antigen recognition compared to inactivated polio vaccines.Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2026Trial
- Fractional BNT162b2 boosters induce durable immune responses after non-mRNA priming in Mongolia: a randomised controlled trial.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Trial
- Predictive markers of SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific cytotoxic T cell activity following Omicron breakthrough infection.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Review
- Discordant Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 Exposure in Household Contacts.Clinical immunology communications · 2026Article
- AI-driven big data analysis and predictive modeling of infectious disease immunity: from correlates to causal, multiscale understanding.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Immunological memory to vaccines.Immunity · 2026Review
- Intranasal DC-targeting vaccine booster elicits durable and cross-clade protective immunity against sarbecoviruses in mice.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Comparative analysis of cellular immune responses to four seasonal inactivated influenza vaccines in younger and older adults.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections broaden the repertoire of Spike-reactive CD4 T cells.mBio · 2026Article
- CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Hybrid immunity from bivalent vaccination and prior infection enhances humoral and innate protection against Omicron XBB.1.16 and EG.5.1.1 variants in Japan.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Real-world immune dynamics following COVID-19 vaccination and breakthrough infection: a paired-sample study in Zhejiang Province, China.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Dynamic impact of bivalent COVID-19 vaccine boosters on systemic and mucosal antibody and T cell immunity.Scientific reports · 2025Observational
- Cytokine and Antibody Isotype Responses in Vaccinated Healthcare Workers with SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infections.Viruses · 2025Article
- Article
- Mechanisms of superior respiratory IgA responses against SARS-CoV-2 after mucosal vaccination.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Diversity of immunization strongly impacts SARS-CoV-2 antibody function surrogates.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses as a function of multiple COVID-19 boosters.Cell reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Little is known about the effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or SARS2) vaccine breakthrough infections (BTIs) on the magnitude and breadth of the T cell repertoire after exposure to different variants. We studied samples from individuals who experienced symptomatic BTIs during Delta or Omicron waves. In the pre-BTI samples, 30% of the donors exhibited substantial immune memory against non-S (spike) SARS2 antigens, consistent with previous undiagnosed asymptomatic SARS2 infections. Following symptomatic BTI, we observed (1) enhanced S-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in donors without previous asymptomatic infection, (2) expansion of CD4 and CD8 T cell responses to non-S targets (M, N, and nsps) independent of SARS2 variant, and (3) generation of novel epitopes recognizing variant-specific mutations. These variant-specific T cell responses accounted for 9%-15% of the total epitope repertoire. Overall, BTIs boost vaccine-induced immune responses by increasing the magnitude and by broadening the repertoire of T cell antigens and epitopes recognized.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.