ArticlePLOS global public health2024
Asymptomatic infections with Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis among women in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Article in PLOS global public health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among Iranian women: A framework for targeted public health interventions.Parasitology research · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- From Chlamydia to Gonococcus: Emerging Trends of Infectious Conjunctivitis and Keratoconjunctivitis in a Tertiary Ophthalmology Center in Switzerland from 2005-2025.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Duplex, extraction-free, HiFi-LAMP assay for point-of-care detection ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Worldwide prevalence ofNew microbes and new infections · 2026Review
- Article
- Potential Use of Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup B Vaccines to Prevent Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection: Epidemiological Considerations.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2026Review
- Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Ureaplasma urealyticum infections among reproductive-age adults in Shantou, China: a retrospective study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- High Burden ofMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Genital inflammation screening for predicting sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis: an updated cost analysis from the GIFT study in Madagascar, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.BMC women's health · 2026Observational
- High Prevalence and Genotypic Diversity of Persistent Chlamydia Trachomatis Infections Among South African Adolescent Girls and Young Women: A Tale of Two Cities.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Correlates of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections among marginalized women in the Dominican Republic.International journal of STD & AIDS · 2026Article
- Prevalence and correlates of prevalent sexually transmitted infections among young women employed as domestic workers in Central Uganda: a community-based cross-sectional study.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Profile ofHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- A Contemporary Multidimensional Insight into the Clinical and Pathological Presentation of Urological Conditions Associated with HIV: A Narrative Review.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Review
- Rapid and simple detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae using the EasyNAT CT/NG assay based on cross-priming amplification.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2025Article
- Prevalence of chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and trichomoniasis among male and female general populations in sub-Saharan Africa from 2000 to 2024: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Increasing Access To Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing: The Promise of Point-of-Care and Over-the-Counter Tests.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2025Review
- Prevalence ofMicroorganisms · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is common in settings with limited access to diagnostic testing. However, this approach does not capture asymptomatic STIs. Untreated asymptomatic infections may result in serious complications and sequelae in women. We aimed to estimate the proportion and the prevalence of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infections among women in low- and middle-income countries. We searched Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles published between 2000 and 2022. We used random effect models to compute the proportion and prevalence estimates and performed sub-group analysis. We evaluated the quality of each article using the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies and performed sensitivity analyses. This study was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42022286673. Forty-eight eligible studies were included. The proportion of asymptomatic CT, NG, and TV infections were: 60.7% [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 50.4; 70.5], 53.3% [37.1; 69.1], and 56.9% [44.6; 68.9], respectively. The proportion of women with asymptomatic infections was the highest in Africa for the three pathogens. The pooled prevalence of asymptomatic CT, NG, and TV infection was 4.70 per 100 women [95%CI: 3.39; 6.20], 3.11 [1.34; 5.54], and 5.98 [3.46; 9.12], respectively. More than half of the women infected by CT, NG, or TV were asymptomatic. To avoid undiagnosed and untreated asymptomatic infections leading to complications, alternative approaches to syndromic management urgently need to be considered.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.