ReviewActa oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden)2024
The Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Breast Cancer Progression.
Review in Acta oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A Systematic Review of Immune Cell Roles in Breast Cancer Immunotherapy.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2025Pooled it
- Localized immunotherapy via dissolving microneedles for the prevention of breast cancer recurrence.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
- SOX30 Facilitates Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Metastasis via TNFR2-NF-κB Signaling and Tumor Microenvironment Remodeling.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- HSP70-targeting TKD-functionalized smart micelles for membrane-guided precision breast cancer therapy: a review.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Exosomal lncRNAs as molecular switches driving macrophage-tumor co-evolution in breast cancer.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Leveraging immune and clinicopathological profiles with machine learning to predict axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2026Observational
- Emerging roles for SNRPB2 in governing the cell cycle and steering tumor immune modulation in breast cancer.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Breast cancer immunotherapy: mechanisms of immune evasion, biomarkers, and emerging therapeutic strategies.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- The multistep progression of areca nut-induced oral cancer: a mechanistic roadmap from pathogenesis to precision therapy.Life medicine · 2026Review
- Review
- The Complex Path from Mammary Ductal Hyperplasia to Breast Cancer: Elevated Malignancy Risk in Atypical Forms.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- The CXCL10/CXCR3 axis is essential for sustaining immunological dormancy in triple-negative breast cancer.NPJ breast cancer · 2026Article
- The Immunoregulatory Roles of ERα in Breast Cancer: Mechanisms, Crosstalk, and Therapeutic Insights.Journal of cancer prevention · 2026Review
- The purinergic signaling interfaces in breast cancer angiogenesis.Purinergic signalling · 2026Review
- Lactylation-driven gene signatures define breast cancer prognosis: a predictive model and insights into immune microenvironment dynamics.European journal of medical research · 2026Article
- Novel Perspective for Prognostic Stratification and Personalized Therapy in Breast Cancer Patients: Development of Cancer Stem Cells and Metabolism-Associated Prognostic Model.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Regulatory T cells in breast cancer drivers of immune suppression and targets for immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Breast Cancer: Therapeutic-Window Engineering, Tumor Heterogeneity, and Immunotherapy Combinations.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Review
- Emerging Approaches in Breast Cancer: From Molecular Mechanisms to Diagnosis and Therapeutic Strategies.Oncology research · 2026Review
- B cell-mediated immune surveillance defines the favorable prognosis of occult breast cancer: a multi-omics study.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe tumor microenvironment significantly influences breast cancer development, progression, and metastasis. Various immune cell populations, including T cells, B cells, NK cells, and myeloid cells exhibit diverse functions in different breast cancer subtypes, contributing to both anti-tumor and pro-tumor activities. PURPOSE: This review provides an overview of the predominant immune cell populations in breast cancer subtypes, elucidating their suppressive and prognostic effects. We aim to outline the role of the immune microenvironment from normal breast tissue to invasive cancer and distant metastasis.
methodsA comprehensive literature review was conducted to analyze the involvement of immune cells throughout breast cancer progression.
resultsIn breast cancer, tumors exhibit increased immune cell infiltration compared to normal tissue. Variations exist across subtypes, with higher levels observed in triple-negative and HER2+ tumors are linked to better survival. In contrast, ER+ tumors display lower immune infiltration, associated with poorer outcomes. Furthermore, metastatic sites commonly exhibit a more immunosuppressive microenvironment.
conclusionUnderstanding the complex interaction between tumor and immune cells during breast cancer progression is essential for future research and the development of immune-based strategies. This comprehensive understanding may pave the way for more effective treatment approaches and improved patients outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.