Adoption of residential rooftop solar PV systems in South Africa: A scoping review of barriers.

Global sustainability challenges such as climate change are linked to carbon emissions from fossil fuel powered energy needed for commercial and household consumption. South Africa is highly depended on coal for energy production hence the transition to renewable energy sources such as solar PV is seen as a pathway towards emissions reduction and a sustainable future. Yet, despite the huge potential for solar PV technologies adoption remains very low. This scoping review examines the barriers to household solar PV adoption in South Africa to advance our understanding beyond case study level studies. We analysed all published literature on household solar PV in South Africa as a basis for finding themes, gaps, and trends on solar PV research. Review results show that key barriers can be grouped into financial, personal, institutional, technical and societal barriers, however there were no studies on barriers across an income gradient, a glaring omission given debates on just transitions. Given the complexity of the barriers ranging from personal, societal, to technical barriers, it is not reasonable to expect the government to facilitate transition to solar PV alone. Rather, collective approaches are needed to create enabling conditions for solar PV adoption such as the financial means and information availability. The private sector has a key role to play either in supporting state-initiated programmes or creating the means for solar PV adoption such as power purchase agreements. That said, the state remains a central player in facilitating an enabling economic and political environment to leverage responsiveness from other actors. Without an integrated approach to addressing barriers to solar PV adoption, solar adoption will remain a source of energy for the economically privileged, and the imperative to just transition to renewable energy a pipe dream, in a country characterised by large inequalities among households.