Observational studyBMC nephrology2024
Sex bias in prediction and diagnosis of cardiac surgery associated acute kidney injury.
Observational study in BMC nephrology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Sex and gender considerations in randomized controlled trials in critical care nephrology: a meta-epidemiologic study.BMC medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Increased Retinol Levels in Patients with Cardiac Surgery-Associated Acute Kidney Injury-A Prospective Single-Center Exploratory Study.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Kidney Health and Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy for Transgender and Gender Diverse Individuals.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2026Review
- Performance of Cleveland, Mehta, and Simplified Renal Index scores for predicting dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury after aorticRenal failure · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFemale sex has been recognized as a risk factor for cardiac surgery associated acute kidney injury (CS-AKI). The current study sought to evaluate whether female sex is a risk factor for CS-AKI, or modifies the association of peri-operative change in serum creatinine with CS-AKI.
methodsObservational study of adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery between 2000 and 2019 in a single U.S. center. The main variable of interest was registered patient sex, identified from electronic medical records. The main outcome was CS-AKI within 2 weeks of surgery.
resultsOf 58526 patients, 19353 (33%) were female; 12934 (22%) incurred AKI based on ≥ 0.3 mg/dL or ≥ 50% rise in serum creatinine (any AKI), 3320 (5.7%) had moderate to severe AKI, and 1018 (1.7%) required dialysis within 2 weeks of surgery. Female sex was associated with higher risk for AKI in models that were based on preoperative serum creatinine (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.29-1.42), and lower risk with the use of estimated glomerular filtration, (OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.86-0.95). The risk for moderate to severe CS-AKI for a given immediate peri-operative change in serum creatinine was higher in female compared to male patients (p < .0001 and p < .0001 for non-linearity), and the association was modified by pre-operative kidney function (p < .0001 for interaction).
conclusionsThe association of patient sex with CS-AKI and its direction was dependent on the operational definition of pre-operative kidney function, and differential outcome misclassification due to AKI defined by absolute change in serum creatinine.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.