Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38775091›Full record

ArticlePsychological medicine2024

Sex-dependent differences in vulnerability to early risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder: results from the AURORA study.

Stephanie Haering, Antonia V Seligowski, Sarah D Linnstaedt, Vasiliki Michopoulos, Stacey L House, Francesca L Beaudoin, Xinming An, Thomas C Neylan, Gari D Clifford, Laura T Germine and 28 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Psychological medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. The Therapeutic Effect of High-definition 1-Hz Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation in PTSD: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

38 authors.

Stephanie HaeringDepartment of Education and Psychology, Clinical Psychological Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-4831-8926
Antonia V SeligowskiDepartment of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
Sarah D LinnstaedtDepartment of Anesthesiology, Institute for Trauma Recovery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Vasiliki MichopoulosDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Stacey L HouseDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Francesca L BeaudoinDepartment of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
Xinming AnDepartment of Anesthesiology, Institute for Trauma Recovery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Thomas C NeylanDepartments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Gari D CliffordDepartment of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Laura T GermineInstitute for Technology in Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
Scott L RauchDepartment of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
John P HaranDepartment of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
Alan B StorrowDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
Christopher LewandowskiDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.
Paul I MuseyDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
Phyllis L HendryDepartment of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine -Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
Sophia SheikhDepartment of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine -Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
Christopher W JonesDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA.
Brittany E PunchesDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
Robert A SworDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA.
Nina T GentileDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Lauren A HudakDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Jose L PascualDepartment of Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Mark J SeamonPerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Claire PearsonDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Ascension St. John Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
David A PeakDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Roland C MerchantDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Robert M DomeierDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Trinity Health-Ann Arbor, Ypsilanti, MI, USA.
Niels K RathlevDepartment of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA.
Brian J O'NeilDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit Receiving Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
Leon D SanchezDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Steven E BruceDepartment of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Steven E HarteDepartment of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Samuel A McLeanDepartment of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Ronald C KesslerDepartment of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Karestan C KoenenDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
Jennifer S StevensDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Abigail PowersDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3197-7415

Funding

Longitudinal Assessment of Post-traumatic SyndromesU01MH110925 · NIMH · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI KESSLER, RONALD C, KOENEN, KARESTAN C · 2016 to 2020
$25.8M
Mobile Measures of Threat Sensitivity for Cross-sectional and Longitudinal AssessmentR01MH121617 · NIMH · MCLEAN HOSPITAL · PI GERMINE, LAURA THI · 2020 to 2025
$3.9M
NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH121617NIMH NIH HHS U01 MH110925
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundKnowledge of sex differences in risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can contribute to the development of refined preventive interventions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine if women and men differ in their vulnerability to risk factors for PTSD.

methodsAs part of the longitudinal AURORA study, 2924 patients seeking emergency department (ED) treatment in the acute aftermath of trauma provided self-report assessments of pre- peri- and post-traumatic risk factors, as well as 3-month PTSD severity. We systematically examined sex-dependent effects of 16 risk factors that have previously been hypothesized to show different associations with PTSD severity in women and men.

resultsWomen reported higher PTSD severity at 3-months post-trauma.

conclusionsOur findings indicate mechanisms to which men might be particularly vulnerable, demonstrating that known PTSD risk factors might behave differently in women and men. Analyses did not identify any risk factors to which women were more vulnerable than men, pointing toward further mechanisms to explain women's higher PTSD risk. Our study illustrates the need for a more systematic examination of sex differences in contributors to PTSD severity after trauma, which may inform refined preventive interventions.

Indexed as

Stress Disorders, Post-TraumaticAdultEmergency Service, HospitalFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleMiddle AgedRisk FactorsSeverity of Illness IndexSex FactorsYoung AdultPTSDrisk factorssex differencestrauma

Identifiers

PMID38775091
PMCPMC11736691

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.