ReviewRegulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP2024
Differences in the anatomy and physiology of the human and rat respiratory tracts and impact on toxicological assessments.
Review in Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed.
- Human in vitro airway models to assess point-of-contact respiratory toxicity of surfactants and derive human equivalent concentrations after single dose exposure.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2026Article
- Nose-to-Brain Nanocarriers for Migraine Management: A Comprehensive Review of Drug Delivery Strategies and Translational Challenges.Current medical science · 2026Review
- Systematic Design and Evaluation of Nasal Drug Delivery for Central Nervous System Disease from Experimental to Clinical Application.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Comparative histological characteristics of the nasal cavity of Beagle dogs and rabbits.Journal of veterinary science · 2026Article
- Efficient and safe lung gene delivery using AAV6.2FF in neonatal pigs demonstrates pediatric translational potential.Molecular therapy. Advances · 2026Article
- The isolated perfused lung: a bridge between in vitro and in vivo studies of inhaled medicinal products.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2026Review
- Alignment of in vitro and in vivo pulmonary inflammation models using crystalline quartz silica.Particle and fibre toxicology · 2026Article
- Micro- and Nanoplastics and Pulmonary Health: The Current State of Research.Microplastics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Establishing scientific confidence: human biological relevance of reconstructed human respiratory epithelium (RHRE) for assessing respiratory effects.Frontiers in toxicology · 2026Review
- Vascular-associated bacterial burden and neuroinflammatory transcriptional responses observed in models of pneumonic plague.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Unveiling Particulate Matter-Lung Interactions from Static Models to Dynamic Lung-on-Chips.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- Bionic breathing-type airway exposure system for inhalation exposure studies.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- The importance of mechanical forces in chronic respiratory diseases.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Review
- Porcine influenza mAbs to H3, H5, and H7 hemagglutinins recognize H3 egg adapted site and target the HA stem.Discovery immunology · 2026Article
- Tools of the trade: leveraging 3DFrontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- The cellular triangle in bronchiectasis: the interplay network and regulatory mechanisms of neutrophils, macrophages, and epithelial cells.European journal of medical research · 2025Review
- Revolutionizing toxicological risk assessment: integrative advances in new approach methodologies (NAMs) and precision toxicology.Archives of toxicology · 2025Review
- A human relevant in vitro alveolar epithelial barrier model to assess inhaled pollutant hazard.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Challenges and opportunities for drug development in rare pulmonary diseases like cystic fibrosis: an industry perspective.Current opinion in pulmonary medicine · 2025Review
- Revisiting the monocrotaline-treated rat as a model of inflammatory lung disease: COVID-19 and future pandemic threats?Animal models and experimental medicine · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Inhalation is a critical route through which substances can exert adverse effects in humans; therefore, it is important to characterize the potential effects that inhaled substances may have on the human respiratory tract by using fit for purpose, reliable, and human relevant testing tools. In regulatory toxicology testing, rats have primarily been used to assess the effects of inhaled substances as they-being mammals-share similarities in structure and function of the respiratory tract with humans. However, questions about inter-species differences impacting the predictability of human effects have surfaced. Disparities in macroscopic anatomy, microscopic anatomy, or physiology, such as breathing mode (e.g., nose-only versus oronasal breathing), airway structure (e.g., complexity of the nasal turbinates), cell types and location within the respiratory tract, and local metabolism may impact inhalation toxicity testing results. This review shows that these key differences describe uncertainty in the use of rat data to predict human effects and supports an opportunity to harness modern toxicology tools and a detailed understanding of the human respiratory tract to develop testing approaches grounded in human biology. Ultimately, as the regulatory purpose is protecting human health, there is a need for testing approaches based on human biology and mechanisms of toxicity.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.