Observational studyEmerging microbes & infections2024
Levels of antibodies against the monkeypox virus compared by HIV status and historical smallpox vaccinations: a serological study.
Observational study in Emerging microbes & infections, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- An improved and high-throughput mpox virus microneutralization assay.Biosafety and health · 2026Article
- Mpox in People Living with HIV: Clinical Challenges, Preventive Strategies and Public Health Implications.Viruses · 2025Review
- Review
- The pathogenicity and multi-organ proteomic profiles of Mpox virus infection in SIVmac239-infected rhesus macaques.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Vaccinia and Monkeypox Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies in People Living with HIV: A Serological Study in a Orthopoxvirus-Endemic, Low-Income Region in Brazil.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Exploring monkeypox virus antibody levels: insights from human immunological research.Virology journal · 2025Review
- Immunogenicity of monkeypox virus surface proteins and cross-reactive antibody responses in vaccinated and infected individuals: implications for vaccine and therapeutic development.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2025Article
- Antigen recognition and immune response to monkeypox virus infection: implications for Mpox vaccine design - a narrative review.Le infezioni in medicina · 2025Review
- Navigating monkeypox: identifying risks and implementing solutions.Open veterinary journal · 2024Review
- Comparison of Waning Antibody Responses After Natural Monkeypox Virus Infection and Mpox Vaccination Beyond 6 Months in South Korea.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Men who have sex with men and people living with HIV are disproportionately affected in the 2022 multi-country monkeypox epidemic. The smallpox vaccine can induce cross-reactive antibodies against the monkeypox virus (MPXV) and reduce the risk of infection. Data on antibodies against MPXV induced by historic smallpox vaccination in people with HIV are scarce. In this observational study, plasma samples were collected from people living with and without HIV in Shenzhen, China. We measured antibodies binding to two representative proteins of vaccinia virus (VACV; A27L and A33R) and homologous proteins of MPXV (A29L and A35R) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We compared the levels of these antibodies between people living with and without HIV. Stratified analyses were performed based on the year of birth of 1981 when the smallpox vaccination was stopped in China. Plasma samples from 677 people living with HIV and 746 people without HIV were tested. A consistent pattern was identified among the four antibodies, regardless of HIV status. VACV antigen-reactive and MPXV antigen-reactive antibodies induced by historic smallpox vaccination were detectable in the people born before 1981, and antibody levels reached a nadir during or after 1981. The levels of smallpox vaccine-induced antibodies were comparable between people living with HIV and those without HIV. Our findings suggest that the antibody levels against MPXV decreased in both people living with and without HIV due to the cessation of smallpox vaccination.
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