GP-HTNLoc: A graph prototype head-tail network-based model for multi-label subcellular localization prediction of ncRNAs.

Numerous research results demonstrated that understanding the subcellular localization of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) is pivotal in elucidating their roles and regulatory mechanisms in cells. Despite the existence of over ten computational models dedicated to predicting the subcellular localization of ncRNAs, a majority of these models are designed solely for single-label prediction. In reality, ncRNAs often exhibit localization across multiple subcellular compartments. Furthermore, the existing multi-label localization prediction models are insufficient in addressing the challenges posed by the scarcity of training samples and class imbalance in ncRNA dataset. To address these limitations, this study proposes a novel multi-label localization prediction model for ncRNAs, named GP-HTNLoc. To mitigate class imbalance, GP-HTNLoc adopts separate training approaches for head and tail location labels. Additionally, GP-HTNLoc introduces a pioneering graph prototype module to enhance its performance in small-sample, multi-label scenarios. The experimental results based on 10-fold cross-validation on benchmark datasets demonstrate that GP-HTNLoc achieves competitive predictive performance. The average results from 10 rounds of testing on an independent dataset show that GP-HTNLoc outperforms the best existing models on the human lncRNA, human snoRNA, and human miRNA subsets, with average precision improvements of 31.5%, 14.2%, and 5.6%, respectively, reaching 0.685, 0.632, and 0.704. A user-friendly online GP-HTNLoc server is accessible at https://56s8y85390.goho.co.