ArticleHealth affairs scholar2024
340B Contract pharmacy growth by pharmacy ownership: 2009-2022.
Article in Health affairs scholar, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Association of 340B entity eligibility with changes in hospital financial performance.Health affairs scholar · 2026Article
- Local population characteristics and access equity of 340B contract pharmacies.Health affairs scholar · 2025Article
- Emerging trends in pharmaceutical payment models: Perspectives on the 2024 AMCP Foundation Survey.Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 2025Article
- Interpreting 340B contract pharmacy growth: who really benefits?Health affairs scholar · 2024Article
- Mapping 340B Funds Flow Through Contract Pharmacies.Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financingArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The 340B program grants eligible health care providers ("covered entities") access to discounted prices for outpatient prescription drugs. Covered entities frequently rely on retail pharmacies ("contract pharmacies") to dispense discounted drugs. This analysis describes contract pharmacy participation by ownership: the top 4 chains, grocery chains, small chains, and institutional independent pharmacies. We found that 71% of pharmacies in the top 4 chains were contract pharmacies. Forty one percentage of institutional pharmacies, 38% of grocery store pharmacies, and 22% of independent pharmacies participated in 340B in 2022. The median number of contracts per pharmacy was 2 among the top 4 chains and grocery store pharmacies vs 1 for all other pharmacy types. The median farthest distance in miles from contracting covered entities was largest for the top 4 chains (19 miles) and small chains (18 miles) and smallest for independent and institutional pharmacies (10 miles). The top 4 chains held the highest proportion of contracts with core safety-net providers (75% vs 61% of institutional pharmacies).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.