ArticleBMC cardiovascular disorders2024
The long-term effects of blood urea nitrogen levels on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in diabetes: a prospective cohort study.
Article in BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Examining macro and micronutrient intakes in the Sri Lankan twin cohort: validation of subjective biomarkers from the COTASS-3 study.BMC nutrition · 2026Article
- Electronic health records reveals resilience patterns of cardiovascular disease in Basque centenarians.Frontiers in aging · 2026Article
- Prognostic significance of HANBAH score in evaluating mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes mellitus.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2025Article
- Association between platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and blood urea nitrogen levels in pediatric populations: evidence from the NHANES (2009-2018).Translational pediatrics · 2025Article
- Increased blood urea nitrogen levels and compromised peripheral nerve function in patients with type 2 diabetes.World journal of diabetes · 2025Article
- Associations between kidney function with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a prospective cohort study in China.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- Association of blood urea nitrogen to serum albumin ratio with arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes patients: a Chinese cross-sectional study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- The relationship between blood urea nitrogen to serum albumin ratio and cardiovascular diseases, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Article
- Prevalence and prognostic value of baseline and post-treatment renal insufficiency in colorectal cancer patients: a large retrospective cohort study of 10,581 patients in Shanghai, China (2019-2023).Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Association between serum calcium and in-hospital mortality in critically ill atrial fibrillation patients from the MIMIC IV database.Scientific reports · 2024Article
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Abstract
backgroundThe long-term effects of blood urea nitrogen(BUN) in patients with diabetes remain unknown. Current studies reporting the target BUN level in patients with diabetes are also limited. Hence, this prospective study aimed to explore the relationship of BUN with all-cause and cardiovascular mortalities in patients with diabetes.
methodsIn total, 10,507 participants with diabetes from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2018) were enrolled. The causes and numbers of deaths were determined based on the National Death Index mortality data from the date of NHANES interview until follow-up (December 31, 2019). Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs) of mortality.
resultsOf the adult participants with diabetes, 4963 (47.2%) were female. The median (interquartile range) BUN level of participants was 5 (3.93-6.43) mmol/L. After 86,601 person-years of follow-up, 2,441 deaths were documented. After adjusting for variables, the HRs of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in the highest BUN level group were 1.52 and 1.35, respectively, compared with those in the lowest BUN level group. With a one-unit increment in BUN levels, the HRs of all-cause and CVD mortality rates were 1.07 and 1.08, respectively. The results remained robust when several sensitivity and stratified analyses were performed. Moreover, BUN showed a nonlinear association with all-cause and CVD mortality. Their curves all showed that the inflection points were close to the BUN level of 5 mmol/L.
conclusionBUN had a nonlinear association with all-cause and CVD mortality in patients with diabetes. The inflection point was at 5 mmol/L.
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