Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38754738›Full record

ArticlePreventive medicine2024

Long COVID among US adults from a population-based study: Association with vaccination, cigarette smoking, and the modifying effect of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Olufemi Erinoso, Olatokunbo Osibogun, Siva Balakrishnan, Wei Yang

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Preventive medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
11citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  11. Comparison of Healthcare Expenditures Among Individuals With and Without Long COVID in the United States.Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financing
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Olufemi ErinosoDepartment of Health Behavior, Policy, and Administration Science, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA. Electronic address: oerinoso@nevada.unr.edu.
Olatokunbo OsibogunDepartment of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
Siva BalakrishnanDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.
Wei YangDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.

Funding

Identifying barriers and facilitators of harm reduction among adult dual users of e-cigarettes and cigarettesK01DA055127 · NIDA · FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY · PI Olatokunbo Osibogun · 2023 to 2026
$683k
NIDA NIH HHS K01 DA055127
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivePost-COVID Conditions (or Long COVID) have been widely reported, but population-based studies exploring the relationship between its risk factors are lacking. We examined the associations between Long COVID, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], vaccination status, and cigarette smoking. We also tested for the modifying effect of COPD status.

methodsData from the 2022 US nationwide Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were analyzed. Our primary outcome was Long COVID (Yes/No) after a positive COVID-19 diagnosis. Predictor variables were COPD, coronary heart disease (CHD), diabetes, asthma, body mass index, cigarette smoking status, and number of COVID-19 vaccinations (0-4). Weighted multivariable logistic regression models were used and adjusted for sociodemographic factors. Regression models were used to explore the modifying effects of COPD status.

resultsThe weighted prevalence of Long COVID among survivors (N = 121,379) was 21.8% (95%CI: 21.4, 22.3), with tiredness/fatigue (26.2% [95%:25.1, 27.2]) as the most common symptom. Respondents with COPD (aOR: 1.71 [95%CI: 1.45, 2.02]), current daily smokers (aOR: 1.23 [95%CI:1.01, 1.49]), and former smokers (aOR: 1.24 [95%CI:1.12, 1.38]) (vs. never established smokers) had higher odds of Long COVID. However, respondents who had received three (aOR: 0.75 [95%CI:0.65, 0.85]) and four (aOR: 0.71 [95%CI:0.58, 0.86]) vaccine doses (vs. no vaccine) had lower odds of Long COVID. COPD had a modifying effect on the relationship between cigarette smoking and Long COVID (p-value: 0.013).

conclusionOur findings underscore a complex interaction between COPD, cigarette smoking, and Long COVID. Further, COVID-19 vaccination may be protective against Long COVID.

Indexed as

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance SystemCigarette SmokingCOVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesPulmonary Disease, Chronic ObstructiveSARS-CoV-2AdultAgedFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPrevalenceRisk FactorsUnited StatesVaccinationCOVID-19 VaccinesCigarette smokingCovid-19 diseaseLong covidPost-covid symptomsPulmonary disease

Identifiers

PMID38754738
PMCPMC11148848

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.