ReviewExpert opinion on pharmacotherapy2024
Oral glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and combinations of entero-pancreatic hormones as treatments for adults with type 2 diabetes: where are we now?
Review in Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Exploring the Role of GLP-1 Agents in Managing Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Narrative and Systematic Review.Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair SocietyPooled it
- Dual Glucagon and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Survodutide Improves Biomarkers of Beta-Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in People With Type 2 Diabetes or Living With Overweight/Obesity.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Trial
- Survodutide for Obesity in Chinese Adults: Phase 3 Randomized Trial Design and Baseline Characteristics (SYNCHRONIZE™-CN).Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2026Article
- Comparative Positioning of Orforglipron Among Selected GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Benchmarks: A Narrative Review.Cureus · 2026Review
- GLP-1 receptor agonists: Bridging diabetes, obesity, and periodontitis-A scoping review of emerging evidence.Journal of periodontology · 2026Article
- Standard and Non-standard Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Ischemic Heart Disease and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Clinical Review.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2026Review
- Incretin Mimetics in Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC: CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review.JACC. CardioOncology · 2026Review
- Orforglipron: A Comprehensive Review of an Oral Small-Molecule GLP-1 Receptor Agonist for Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Advancing Medicinal Chemistry Through FMO: Sygnature's Platform.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Management of Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes in Adults: Current Evidence and Future Directions.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2025Review
- Structure-Based Discovery of Orthosteric Non-Peptide GLP-1R Agonists via Integrated Virtual Screening and Molecular Dynamics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Amylin: From Mode of Action to Future Clinical Potential in Diabetes and Obesity.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2025Review
- Incretin-Based Therapies and Cancer: What's New?Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Review
- Advances in Oral Biomacromolecule Therapies for Metabolic Diseases.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Article
- GLP-1 physiology in obesity and development of incretin-based drugs for chronic weight management.Nature metabolism · 2024Review
- Novel Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists for Treating Type II Diabetes.ACS medicinal chemistry letters · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionGlucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (RAs) have changed the landscape of type 2 diabetes (T2D) management due to their cardio-renal benefits, their glucose-lowering efficacy and weight loss (WL) maintenance. However, the response to GLP-1 RA monotherapy is heterogeneous. Additionally, the majority of GLP-1 RAs are injectable treatments. Oral GLP-1 RAs and injectable combinations of GLP-1 with other entero-pancreatic hormones (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon and amylin) are under development for T2D and obesity management. AREAS COVERED: Herein, we review the data on (i) oral GLP-1 RAs (oral semaglutide 25/50 mg and orforglipron) and (ii) dual/triple agonists (tirzepatide, cagrilintide 2.4 mg/semaglutide 2.4 mg, survodutide, mazdutide, retatrutide) that have recently completed phase 3 trials for T2D or are currently in phase 3 clinical trials. Tirzepatide is the first approved dual agonist (GLP-1/GIP) for T2D and obesity management. EXPERT OPINION: We are in a new era in T2D management where entero-pancreatic hormone-based treatments can result in ≥15% WL and euglycemia for many people with T2D. Multiple molecules with different mechanisms of action are under development for T2D, obesity and other metabolic complications. Data on their cardio-renal benefits, long-term efficacy and safety as well as their cost-effectiveness will better inform their position in treatment algorithms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.