ArticleBMC psychiatry2024
The longitudinal analysis for the association between smoking and the risk of depressive symptoms.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- Standardized Manual-Based Smoking Cessation Treatment in Patients With Comorbid Mental Disorders: Qualitative Interview Study.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- Lifestyle habits, gender differences, and their association with sleep and mental health among Syrian medical residents.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- The associations between pre-sleep smartphone use, negative life events and depressive symptoms among Chinese undergraduate students.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Smoking and Multidimensional Well-Being: Gender and Cohort Differences in China.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Depression in older surgical patients: a multicentre prospective longitudinal study.British journal of anaesthesia · 2026Article
- The Effect of Meditation on Depression and Psychological Well-being Among Active Smokers.Annals of neurosciences · 2026Article
- The relationship between diet quality, measured by the recommended food score, and depression, assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9: an observational study in Korea.Korean journal of family medicine · 2026Article
- Depression across the menopausal stages in the United Arab Emirates: prevalence and risk factors.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Article
- From cigarettes to symptoms: the association between smoking and depression in the German National Cohort (NAKO).BMC public health · 2025Article
- Depressive trajectories and their associations with chronic diseases among older adults: a national longitudinal cohort study from China.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- METS-IR and SII as mediators in the association between smoking and depressive symptoms: insights from NHANES (2005-2018).BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- The effect of emotion regulation difficulties and loneliness on anxiety, depression, and stress levels in remote workers.BMC public health · 2025Observational
- Article
- Associations between kidney function with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a prospective cohort study in China.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- Dietary influence on the link between depression and muscle mass and muscle strength: exploring interaction and mediation effects.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Excessive occupational sitting increases risk of cardiovascular events among working individuals with type 1 diabetes in the prospective Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2024Observational
- Analysis of risk factors for postoperative anxiety and depression in endometriosis patients with reproductive intention.World journal of psychiatry · 2024Article
- Correlations among nicotine dependence, health-related quality of life, and depression in current smokers: a cross-sectional study with a mediation model.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDespite high smoking rate in people with depressive symptoms, there is ongoing debate about relationship between smoking and depressive symptoms.
methodsStudy participants were 57,441 Korean men. We collected their baseline data between 2011 and 2012, and conducted follow-up from 2013 to 2019. They were categorized by smoking status (never: < 100 cigarettes smoking in life time, former: currently quitting smoking, and current smoker: currently smoking), smoking amount (pack/day and pack-year) and urine cotinine excretion. The development of depressive symptoms was determined in CES-D score ≥ 16. Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for depressive symptoms in relation to smoking status, smoking amount, and urine cotinine excretion.
resultsDuring 6.7 years of median follow-up, the risk of depressive symptoms increased in order of never (reference), former (HR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01-1.15) and current smoker (HR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.16-1.32). Among current smoker, the risk of depressive symptoms increased proportionally to daily smoking amount (< 1 pack; HR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.13-1.29, and ≥ 1 pack; HR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.23 - 1.45). This pattern of relationship was consistently observed for pack-year in former smoker and current smoker. Additionally, urine cotinine excretion was proportionally associated with the risk of depressive symptoms.
conclusionExposure to smoking was associated with the increased risk of depressive symptoms. Dose dependent relationship was observed between smoking amount and the risk of depressive symptoms.
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