ArticleCognitive processing2024
Sex/gender differences in general cognitive abilities: an investigation using the Leiter-3.
Article in Cognitive processing, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Relationship between Interparental Conflict and Depressive symptoms Spanning from Childhood to Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2025Pooled it
- Memorizing the future: Encoding anticipated interactions enhances human memory for dynamic stimuli.PNAS nexus · 2026Article
- Adherence to Healthy Dietary Patterns and Cognitive Performance: Evidence from DASH and Mediterranean Diets.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Adaptation and test-retest reliability of a mobile neurocognitive battery for assessing neurotoxicity in rural children in Bangladesh.Neurotoxicology · 2026Article
- Benchmarking Multimodal Deep Fusion Strategies for Heterogeneous Neuroimaging and Cognitive Data Using a Controlled Sex Classification Task.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Redefining cognitive testing: the impact of cognitive reserve and sex from early to late adulthood.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Sex differences in the effects of 10 Hz and 40 Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation on spatial cognition in mice.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
- Executive Functions and Long-Term Metabolic Control in Adults with Phenylketonuria (PKU).Metabolites · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in Intelligence on the WISC: A Meta-Analysis on Children with Specific Learning Disabilities.Journal of Intelligence · 2025Article
- Intellectual Differences Between Boys and Girls, 35 Years of Evolution in France from WISC-R to WISC-V.Journal of Intelligence · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Research has shown that differences between males and females are not in general intelligence, but only in some specific factors and tasks. We used the Italian standardization of the Leiter-3, which is a completely nonverbal cognitive battery, to investigate the nature of sex/gender (we used sex/gender to reflect the awareness that the effects of biological 'sex' and socially constructed 'gender' cannot be easily separated and that most individuals' identities are informed by both sex and gender) differences. In doing so we used a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis approach. Results confirmed that males and females perform similarly in general intelligence, but present with some specificities. Males perform better on some, but not all, tasks requiring the spatial manipulation of the stimuli, but females consistently outperform males in tasks such as the nonverbal Stroop, requiring inhibition and attention control to a larger extent. The clinical and practical implications of our findings are considerable. The identification of specific cognitive strengths and weaknesses in males and females underscores the importance of tailored approaches in clinical assessments and interventions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.