ArticleiScience2024
The application of large language models in medicine: A scoping review.
Article in iScience, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 193 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
193 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Concerns of Using Large Language Models in Health Care Research and Practice: Umbrella Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Pooled it
- Teaching clinical communication skills through virtual patient-based learning: an umbrella review of systematic reviews.BMC medical education · 2026Pooled it
- Large language models in obesity: a systematic review.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2026Pooled it
- AI-Powered Problem- and Case-based Learning in Medical and Dental Education: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.International dental journal · 2025Pooled it
- AI in Medical Questionnaires: Scoping ReviewJournal of medical Internet research · 2025Pooled it
- Comparing Diagnostic Accuracy of Clinical Professionals and Large Language Models: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JMIR medical informatics · 2025Pooled it
- Ethical and practical challenges of generative AI in healthcare and proposed solutions: a survey.Frontiers in digital health · 2025Pooled it
- Large language models in real-world clinical workflows: a systematic review of applications and implementation.Frontiers in digital health · 2025Pooled it
- Effectiveness of ChatGPT and DeepSeek in Urology Medical Education: Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Trial
- An exploratory study of the use of artificial intelligence-based virtual patients to enhance dentist-patient communication training.BMC medical education · 2026Trial
- Integrating ChatGPT in Orthopedic Education for Medical Undergraduates: Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Trial
- Assessing the clinical applicability of large language models for microwave ablation guidance.European journal of radiology open · 2026Article
- Exploring Bias in Medical Applications of Large Language Models: Protocol for a Systematic Review.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Associations Between Systemic Diseases and Dental Pulp Diagnoses: A Retrospective Chart Study Using a Locally Deployed Large Language Model.Dentistry journal · 2026Article
- Generative large language models in medicine: a scoping review of recent methodological advances.npj health systems · 2026Review
- Automating cost-effectiveness models with agentic artificial intelligence: Case study and implications for value assessment.Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 2026Article
- Are large language models such as ChatGPT, capable of supporting patients and general practitioners after spine surgery?European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2026Article
- Critical Care-Specific vs General-Purpose Large Language Models in Emergency Intensive Care Unit Diagnosis: Single-Center Retrospective Paired Comparative Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- AI-based multimodal integration of genomics and electronic health records.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2026Review
- Stepwise Diagnostic Evaluation of Chinese Large Language Models: Comparative Study of Common and Rare Diseases.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
133 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
25 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study systematically reviewed the application of large language models (LLMs) in medicine, analyzing 550 selected studies from a vast literature search. LLMs like ChatGPT transformed healthcare by enhancing diagnostics, medical writing, education, and project management. They assisted in drafting medical documents, creating training simulations, and streamlining research processes. Despite their growing utility in assisted diagnosis and improving doctor-patient communication, challenges persisted, including limitations in contextual understanding and the risk of over-reliance. The surge in LLM-related research indicated a focus on medical writing, diagnostics, and patient communication, but highlighted the need for careful integration, considering validation, ethical concerns, and the balance with traditional medical practice. Future research directions suggested a focus on multimodal LLMs, deeper algorithmic understanding, and ensuring responsible, effective use in healthcare.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.