ArticleFrontiers in immunology2024
Identification of inflammatory clusters in long-COVID through analysis of plasma biomarker levels.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Long COVID and health-related quality of life: a systematic review of immune, inflammatory, and metabolic markers.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Peripheral blood cytokines during early and post-acute stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with disease severity and long-term symptoms.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Long COVID: current research and future directions.Infectious diseases & immunity · 2025Review
- Evaluation of Long-COVID Syndrome in a Cohort of Patients with Endometriosis or Adenomyosis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 post-acute sequelae linked to inflammation via extracellular vesicles.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Early inflammatory profiles predict maximal disease severity in COVID-19: An unsupervised cluster analysis.Heliyon · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying long COVID remain poorly understood. Patterns of immunological responses in individuals with long COVID may provide insight into clinical phenotypes. Here we aimed to identify these immunological patterns and study the inflammatory processes ongoing in individuals with long COVID. We applied an unsupervised hierarchical clustering approach to analyze plasma levels of 42 biomarkers measured in individuals with long COVID. Logistic regression models were used to explore associations between biomarker clusters, clinical variables, and symptom phenotypes. In 101 individuals, we identified three inflammatory clusters: a limited immune activation cluster, an innate immune activation cluster, and a systemic immune activation cluster. Membership in these inflammatory clusters did not correlate with individual symptoms or symptom phenotypes, but was associated with clinical variables including age, BMI, and vaccination status. Differences in serologic responses between clusters were also observed. Our results indicate that clinical variables of individuals with long COVID are associated with their inflammatory profiles and can provide insight into the ongoing immune responses.
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