ArticleJournal of neuroinflammation2024
Interleukin-9 protects from microglia- and TNF-mediated synaptotoxicity in experimental multiple sclerosis.
Article in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Cytokines and immune biomarkers in neurodegeneration and cognitive function: A systematic review among individuals of African ancestry.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Pooled it
- Selected Cytokines and Matrix Metalloproteinases in Pathogenesis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Multiomic Integration Reveals Novel miRNA-mRNA-Protein Expression Profile in the Aged Female Retina.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- A2 astrocyte polarization mediates ketogenic diet protection of blood-central nervous system barriers in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- IL-9 Is Essential for ILC2-Mediated but Not Th2- and Th17-Cell-Mediated Allergic Airway Inflammation in Mice.European journal of immunology · 2026Article
- Remote Ischemic Postconditioning Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Suggests a Potential Benefit for Early Neurological Recovery after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage via the IL-9/JAK2-STAT5 Signaling Pathway.Translational stroke research · 2026Article
- Interleukin-9 Regulates NF-kB-Mediated Activation of Astrocytes in Multiple Sclerosis Brain.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Varicella-zoster virus infection of the central nervous system: clinical features and proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Epstein-Barr virus-associated multiple sclerosis: recent mechanistic advances and clinical therapeutic perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Smoldering neuroinflammation in progressive multiple sclerosis: mechanisms, imaging biomarkers, and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Neuroinflammation and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Recent Advances in Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines as Therapeutic Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The Skin-Brain Axis in Psoriasis and Depression: Roles of Inflammation, Hormones, Neuroendocrine Pathways, Neuropeptides, and the Microbiome.Psoriasis (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Review
- Chronic palmitoylethanolamide administrationFrontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2025Article
- Glial Cells as Key Regulators in Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms Associated with Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation-driven synaptic abnormalities. Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is emerging as a pleiotropic cytokine involved in MS pathophysiology.
methodsThrough biochemical, immunohistochemical, and electrophysiological experiments, we investigated the effects of both peripheral and central administration of IL-9 on C57/BL6 female mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of MS.
resultsWe demonstrated that both systemic and local administration of IL-9 significantly improved clinical disability, reduced neuroinflammation, and mitigated synaptic damage in EAE. The results unveil an unrecognized central effect of IL-9 against microglia- and TNF-mediated neuronal excitotoxicity. Two main mechanisms emerged: first, IL-9 modulated microglial inflammatory activity by enhancing the expression of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) and reducing TNF release. Second, IL-9 suppressed neuronal TNF signaling, thereby blocking its synaptotoxic effects.
conclusionsThe data presented in this work highlight IL-9 as a critical neuroprotective molecule capable of interfering with inflammatory synaptopathy in EAE. These findings open new avenues for treatments targeting the neurodegenerative damage associated with MS, as well as other inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.