ReviewTrends in pharmacological sciences2024
Immune checkpoint blockade resistance in lung cancer: emerging mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities.
Review in Trends in pharmacological sciences, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid lymphocytosis in immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Tumor microenvironment-mediated resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer: Mechanisms, combination strategies and clinical perspectives (Review).Molecular and clinical oncology · 2026Review
- Nanomaterial Strategies for Pulmonary Delivery of Immunotherapeutics in Lung Cancer Treatment.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Midkine restrains T-cell mediated anti-tumor immunity by suppressing macrophage M1 polarization in lung adenocarcinoma.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Quaternary ammonium carbon dots for membrane perforation-immunity synergistic therapy against drug-resistant cancer metastasis.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- The functions, mechanisms and clinical relevance of RNA and protein acetyltransferase NAT10: a comprehensive review.Cell biology and toxicology · 2026Review
- Upregulation of macrophage UPP1 promotes lung adenocarcinoma metastasis through an mtROS-cGAS-NLRP3 inflammasome axis.Cell death discovery · 2026Article
- Pulsed photobiomodulation reprograms the tumor immune microenvironment to restore local T cell-mediated antitumor immunity.iScience · 2026Article
- Harnessing Gut Microbiota to Enhance Immunotherapy in NSCLC: From Mechanisms to Translational Applications.Cancer medicine · 2026Review
- Machine learning-based integrative analysis identifies CXCL13-driven tertiary lymphoid structures as favorable immune and prognostic features in osteosarcoma.Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Inhibition of protein kinase CK2 remodels the tumor immune microenvironment and sensitizes lung cancer to PD-L1 blockade.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2026Article
- Regulatory role of IL-17-mediated inflammatory pathways in lung cancer initiation and progression.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Cancer Metastasis: From Mechanistic Understanding to Targeted Therapy.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2026Review
- The Neutrophil-NET Axis in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Resistance in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Roles, Biomarkers and Therapeutic Opportunities.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- The role of deubiquitinase USP33 in colorectal cancer tumorigenesis and its potential as a therapeutic target predictor.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibition and heart injury: molecular mechanisms and clinical challenges.ESC heart failure · 2026Review
- A Decade-Old Atlas of TMEM (Transmembrane) Protein Family in Lung Cancer: Lessons Learnt and Future Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- HHLA2 as an emerging immune checkpoint in lung cancer: linking EGFR signaling, macrophage polarization, and CD8Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Hypoxia-driven tumor immune escape: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Ligand-modified multifunctional liposome-based targeted delivery platform: a multimodal cancer combination therapy strategy.Theranostics · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy works by inhibiting suppressive checkpoints that become upregulated after T cell activation, like PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4. While the initial FDA approvals of ICB have revolutionized cancer therapies and fueled a burgeoning immuno-oncology field, more recent clinical development of new agents has been slow. Here, focusing on lung cancer, we review the latest research uncovering tumor cell intrinsic and extrinsic ICB resistance mechanisms as major hurdles to treatment efficacy and clinical progress. These include genomic and non-genomic tumor cell alterations, along with host and microenvironmental factors like the microbiome, metabolite accumulation, and hypoxia. Together, these factors can cooperate to promote immunosuppression and ICB resistance. Opportunities to prevent resistance are constantly evolving in this rapidly expanding field, with the goal of moving toward personalized immunotherapeutic regimens.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.