Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38743347›Full record

ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2025

Income Inequality, Gender Disparities, and Ethnic Differences: Investigating Allostatic Load in American Adults.

Hossein Zare, Danielle R Gilmore, Shervin Assari, Irene Buenavista Molina, Benjo A Delarmente, Mojgan Azadi, Roland J Thorpe

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Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

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0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Hossein ZareDepartment of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Hampton House 337, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. hzare1@jhu.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-5832-0854
Danielle R GilmoreEdward A. Bouchet Graduate Honor Society Scholar, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA.
Shervin AssariDepartment of Family Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Irene Buenavista MolinaMorgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Benjo A DelarmenteUCLA Value-Based Care Research Consortium, Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
Mojgan AzadiMontgomery College, Montgomery County, Rockville, MD, USA.
Roland J ThorpeDepartment of Health, Behavior, and Society Program for Research on Men's Health, Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimTo estimate the association between income inequality and allostatic load score (AL) in adults ages 20 years and older, with a particular focus on the differential impacts across racial and gender groups. By examining this association, the study seeks to inform targeted policy interventions to mitigate health disparities exacerbated by economic inequality.

methodsUtilizing data from the 1999-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we assessed AL through eight biomarkers: systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg), pulse rate (beats/min), body mass index (kg/m

resultsFindings revealed that men exhibited a higher poverty-to-income ratio (PIR) compared to women (3.12 vs. 2.86, p < 0.01). Yet, women experienced higher rates of elevated AL (AL > 4) (31.8% vs. 29.0%) and were more adversely affected by income inequality (GC: 0.280 vs. 0.333). NBRG results indicated that high PIR individuals had a lower IRR (0.96; CI:0.92-0.95) compared to their low PIR counterparts, a trend observed in women but not men. High PIR was notably protective among White non-Hispanic (WNH) men and women. Additionally, vigorous and moderate physical activity engagement was associated with lower AL (IRR: 0.89, CI: 0.85-0.93).

conclusionThe study emphasizes the importance of implementing policies that target AL in low-income populations across all racial groups, with a specific focus on Black non-Hispanic (BNH) and Hispanic communities. By prioritizing these groups, policies can more effectively target the nexus of income inequality, health disparities, and allostatic load, contributing to the reduction of health inequities.

Indexed as

AllostasisEthnicityHealth Status DisparitiesIncomeAdultAgedBiomarkersFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedNutrition SurveysSex FactorsSocioeconomic FactorsUnited StatesYoung AdultBiomarkersAllostatic loadIncomeIncome inequalityPoverty-to-income ratioRacial disparities

Identifiers

PMID38743347

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.