Fragility Fractures Unveil the Hidden Dragon: A Case of Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica and Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in End-Stage Renal Disease Post-Trauma.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a prevalent complication of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), arising from chronic renal insufficiency leading to disturbed calcium metabolism. This disruption triggers hypersecretion of the parathyroid gland, characterizing the condition. Osteitis fibrosa cystica (OFC), a rare complication of untreated secondary hyperparathyroidism, results in benign resorptive bone lesions and the formation of cystic cavities within bones. Our case report describes a 46-year-old incarcerated Hispanic male with a 17-year history of end-stage renal disease and secondary hyperparathyroidism. The patient initially presented with a traumatic right elbow injury. Further diagnostic evaluation revealed an 8 cm destructive process involving the distal humerus, initially suspected as malignancy but confirmed as OFC through bone biopsy. Management involved orthopedic surgery performing an open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of the affected limb, with subsequent consideration for inpatient parathyroidectomy. Imaging studies, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans, elucidated a 6 × 5.5 cm soft tissue mass, further confirmed as a brown tumor. The case underscores the complexities of diagnosing OFC, often misinterpreted in radiologic studies, and highlights the multidisciplinary approach involving orthopedics, otolaryngology, and nephrology in managing this intricate scenario. The objective is to explore clinical manifestations and treatment challenges of OFC and secondary hyperparathyroidism triggered by trauma in end-stage renal disease, emphasizing the need for continued awareness and precise diagnostic strategies in resource-rich areas.