ArticleScientific reports2024
Eugenol as a potential adjuvant therapy for gingival squamous cell carcinoma.
Article in Scientific reports, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Crocin and eugenol enhance radiosensitivity in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells via apoptotic pathways and cell cycle regulation. Type of study: in vitro.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2026Article
- Quercetin selectively targets gingival squamous cell carcinoma through apoptosis induction, autophagy suppression, DNA damage, and chemosensitization.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Chemical Composition, Biological Activity, and In VivoToxicity of Essential Oils Extracted from Mixtures of Plants and Spices.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Repurposing Antimalarials for Oral Cancer: Selective Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine on Gingival Squamous Cell Carcinoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Bioactive Plant-Derived Compounds as Novel Perspectives in Oral Cancer Alternative Therapy.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Evaluating the Chemical Composition and Antitumor Activity ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Adoption of plant-derived compounds for the management of oral cancer is encouraged by the scientific community due to emerging chemoresistance and conventional treatments adverse effects. Considering that very few studies investigated eugenol clinical relevance for gingival carcinoma, we ought to explore its selectivity and performance according to aggressiveness level. For this purpose, non-oncogenic human oral epithelial cells (GMSM-K) were used together with the Tongue (SCC-9) and Gingival (Ca9-22) squamous cell carcinoma lines to assess key tumorigenesis processes. Overall, eugenol inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation while inducing cytotoxicity in cancer cells as compared to normal counterparts. The recorded effect was greater in gingival carcinoma and appears to be mediated through apoptosis induction and promotion of p21/p27/cyclin D1 modulation and subsequent Ca9-22 cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, in a p53-independent manner. At these levels, distinct genetic profiles were uncovered for both cell lines by QPCR array. Moreover, it seems that our active component limited Ca9-22 and SCC-9 cell migration respectively through MMP1/3 downregulation and stimulation of inactive MMPs complex formation. Finally, Ca9-22 behaviour appears to be mainly modulated by the P38/STAT5/NFkB pathways. In summary, we can disclose that eugenol is cancer selective and that its mediated anti-cancer mechanisms vary according to the cell line with gingival squamous cell carcinoma being more sensitive to this phytotherapy agent.
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