Differences in response-scale usage are ubiquitous in cross-country comparisons and a potential driver of elusive relationships.

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

1. Accounting for response styles in rating data using IRT and IRTree models: A tutorial in R with applications to self-reported metacognitive competence.Behavior research methods · 2026
   Article
2. Educational interventions are effective in improving students' ethical and moral outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nature human behaviour · 2026
   Article
3. Disentangling individual differences in cognitive response mechanisms for rating scale items: A flexible-mixture multidimensional IRTree approach.Behavior research methods · 2025
   Article
4. Examining differential item functioning in self-reported health survey data: via multilevel modeling.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2025
   Review
5. Reply to: Differences in response-scale usage are ubiquitous in cross-country comparisons and a potential driver of elusive relationships.Scientific reports · 2024
   Article

Corrections and comments

• Comment on
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Authors and funding

3 authors.

Funding

Abstract

PubMed holds no abstract for this paper.