ReviewCureus2024
Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Transgender Individuals Undergoing Gender Affirming Hormonal Therapy: A Systematic Review.
Review in Cureus, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Gender diversity and cholesterol in early adolescence: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Incidence of Heart Failure Phenotypes Among Transgender and Gender-Diverse Adults in the United States.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- The case for a unified health system (SUS)-funded integrated transgender health clinic in a Brazilian urban center.International journal of transgender health · 2026Article
- Effects of 17β-Estradiol Treatment on Metabolic Function and Aortic Relaxation in Castrated Male Rats.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Emerging and accumulating safety signals for the use of estrogen among transgender women.Discover mental health · 2025Review
- Psychological interventions for depression in people with diabetes mellitus.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Gender-affirming hormonal therapy (GAHT), which includes estrogen, testosterone, androgen agonists, is commonly used in transgender individuals to change their secondary sexual characteristics to align with their gender identity. However, this treatment could result in metabolic side effects that could increase the chances of acquiring type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, this study aims to compare differences in body mass index (BMI), insulin resistance, and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus between cisgender and transgender individuals undergoing GAHT. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards, we conducted a systematic review searching through PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online), and ResearchGate for articles published between 2014 and 2024. The final search was conducted in February 2024. Out of the 3,934 articles reviewed, 11 were selected, focusing on insulin sensitivity/resistance, diabetes incidence, and BMI changes with GAHT. Although our result findings did not show clear evidence of increased diabetes incidence among GAHT patients, it was observed that GAHT does increase BMI and insulin resistance in transgender individuals. Notably, compared to transgender men, transgender women on GAHT were found to be more prone to insulin resistance. We recommend regularly monitoring insulin sensitivity parameters and HbA1c during GAHT to monitor metabolic side effects. Further research and more clinical trials are needed to confirm the GAHT's impact on insulin resistance and to evaluate its role in the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.