CTFlow: Mitigating Effects of Computed Tomography Acquisition and Reconstruction with Normalizing Flows.

Mitigating the effects of image appearance due to variations in computed tomography (CT) acquisition and reconstruction parameters is a challenging inverse problem. We present CTFlow, a normalizing flows-based method for harmonizing CT scans acquired and reconstructed using different doses and kernels to a target scan. Unlike existing state-of-the-art image harmonization approaches that only generate a single output, flow-based methods learn the explicit conditional density and output the entire spectrum of plausible reconstruction, reflecting the underlying uncertainty of the problem. We demonstrate how normalizing flows reduces variability in image quality and the performance of a machine learning algorithm for lung nodule detection. We evaluate the performance of CTFlow by 1) comparing it with other techniques on a denoising task using the AAPM-Mayo Clinical Low-Dose CT Grand Challenge dataset, and 2) demonstrating consistency in nodule detection performance across 186 real-world low-dose CT chest scans acquired at our institution. CTFlow performs better in the denoising task for both peak signal-to-noise ratio and perceptual quality metrics. Moreover, CTFlow produces more consistent predictions across all dose and kernel conditions than generative adversarial network (GAN)-based image harmonization on a lung nodule detection task. The code is available at https://github.com/hsu-lab/ctflow.