ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2024
Sex Differences in the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Seasonal Influenza Vaccines: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- HIV-1 envelope trimer vaccine induces sex-associated differences in antibody responses: a phase 1 clinical trial.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Rescuing age-associated vaccine hyporesponsiveness in murine and nonhuman primate models with an immunostimulatory vaccine adjuvant.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- The long-lived immune system of centenarians.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- The problem with one-size-fits-all medicine: Biological sex and the aging immune system.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- The Immunosuppression Paradox in Multiple Sclerosis: Are We Fueling the Fire by Suppressing Immunity in an Epstein-Barr Virus-Linked Disease?Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Review
- Females with Obesity Exhibit Greater Influenza Vaccine-induced Immunity and Protection than Males in a Mouse Model.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Precision Vaccinology: Making Vaccines Work Better for Women and Men.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- A researcher's guide to studying sex differences in immune aging.Trends in molecular medicine · 2025Review
- The Reduced Immunogenicity of Zoster Vaccines in CMV-Seropositive Older Adults Correlates with T Cell Imprinting.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Article
- COVID-19 booster doses reduce sex disparities in antibody responses among nursing home residents.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2025Article
- Predictive signatures of immune response to vaccination and implications of the immune setpoint remodeling.mSphere · 2025Review
- Exploring How Adipose Tissue, Obesity, and Gender Influence the Immune Response to Vaccines: A Comprehensive Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Females with obesity exhibit greater influenza vaccine-induced immunity and protection than males in a mouse model.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Sex impacts individuals' response to vaccination. However, most vaccine studies do not report these differences disaggregated by sex. The aim of this study was to assess sex differences in the immunogenicity and efficacy of influenza vaccine. Methods: We performed a meta-analysis using phase 3 randomized controlled trial data conducted between 2010 and 2018. Using hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers for each strain, differences in geometric mean ratios (GMRs) were calculated by sex. Risk ratios (RRs) comparing seroconversion proportions were pooled for females and males using random-effects models. Vaccine efficacy (VE) was assessed. Data were analyzed by age group (18-64 vs ≥65 years). Results: A total of 33 092 healthy adults from 19 studies were included for immunogenicity analysis, and 6740 from 1 study for VE. Whereas no sex differences in immunogenicity were found in adults <65 years old, older females had a significantly greater chance to seroconvert compared to older males for all strains: RR Conclusions: Our results suggest a higher immunogenicity and VE in females compared to males in older adults. These differences in immunogenicity and VE support the disaggregation of vaccine data by sex in clinical trials and observational studies. Clinical Trials Registration: CRD42018112260.
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