Luspatercept's use in a patient with transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia and intrathoracic extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH).

Key Clinical Message: This case report and literature review examine the use of a relatively novel agent in a transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia patient with extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH). It examines the benefits and risks associated with its use and reviews the available literature while highlighting the drug's results in our patient with a higher risk profile. Abstract: Beta thalassemia can be complicated by EMH, which causes different symptoms based on location and size. Luspatercept is a new agent approved for transfusion-dependent thalassemia and Non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia (NTDT). Still, its use in patients with EMH was not well studied, and literature showed an increased risk of EMH expansion or development of new masses after its use. We discuss, in this case, the results of luspatercept treatment in a patient with transfusion-dependent thalassemia who is considered high risk for its use due to the patient's specific characteristics (history of symptomatic intrathoracic EMH, previous splenectomy, refusal to use antithrombotic medications). While also highlighting the benefits of using luspatercept regarding decreasing the iron overload and improving hemoglobin levels and examining how it was used safely to manage a transfusion-dependent thalassemia patient with an extramedullary hematopoiesis mass with no adverse events of note.