ReviewFEMS microbiology reviews2024
Epitopes in the HA and NA of H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses that are important for antigenic drift.
Review in FEMS microbiology reviews, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed.
- A bispecific antibody targeting conserved hemagglutinin epitopes confers broad protection against H7 avian influenza and accelerates viral clearance via localized respiratory delivery.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Ferritin Complex Vaccine against Influenza A Using Screened Immunogenic Sequences from Fv-Antibody Library.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2026Article
- Counting cases, conserving species: addressing highly pathogenic avian influenza in wildlife.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2026Review
- What Antibody Repertoires See: Structural and Immunogenetic Insights Into Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Recognition.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Rapid Detection of N9 Subtype Avian Influenza Viruses Using an NA-Targeting Lateral Flow Immunoassay.Viruses · 2026Article
- Optimizing an avian influenza vaccine using a novel Bacterial Enzymatic Combinatorial Chemistry (BECC) TLR4 adjuvant.mSphere · 2026Article
- Marked Antigenic Divergence and Evolutionary Analysis of H5 AIVs from Wild Birds in East China, 2013-2022.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Distinct infectivity, pathogenicity, and adaptive evolution of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N2 avian influenza viruses in chickens in Taiwan.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Antiviral Activity of Polyene Macrolides Against Newcastle Disease Virus: Computational and Experimental Insights.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
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- Article
- Epidemiological and Genomic Characterization of H5 Subtype Avian Influenza Viruses in Jining City, 2024-2025.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Evolutionary lineage and host origin influence virulence and mammalian adaptation of H7N9 avian influenza viruses.Poultry science · 2026Article
- On the brink of emergence: an evolutionary approach to Influenza A virus H5N1 isolated from humans.Virus research · 2026Article
- MF59-adjuvanted A/Astrakhan influenza vaccine induces cross-neutralizing H5N1 antibodies in ferrets against circulating clade 2.3.4.4b viruses.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- A monoclonal antibody-based, time-resolved fluorescence microsphere immunochromatographic testing strip for rapid and sensitive detection of H7 avian influenza viruses.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Dispersal, adaptation and persistence of H5N1 in the sub-Antarctic and Antarctica.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Genomic Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis ofViruses · 2026Article
- Evolution of H5N1 Cross-Species Transmission: Adaptive Mutations Driving Avian-to-Human Infection.Advanced genetics (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Genetic variation and vaccine match of influenza B virus in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia during three consecutive seasons, 2020-2023.Virus genes · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses evolve antigenically to evade host immunity. Two influenza A virus surface glycoproteins, the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are the major targets of host immunity and undergo antigenic drift in response to host pre-existing humoral and cellular immune responses. Specific sites have been identified as important epitopes in prominent subtypes such as H5 and H7, which are of animal and public health significance due to their panzootic and pandemic potential. The haemagglutinin is the immunodominant immunogen, it has been extensively studied, and the antigenic reactivity is closely monitored to ensure candidate vaccine viruses are protective. More recently, the neuraminidase has received increasing attention for its role as a protective immunogen. The neuraminidase is expressed at a lower abundance than the haemagglutinin on the virus surface but does elicit a robust antibody response. This review aims to compile the current information on haemagglutinin and neuraminidase epitopes and immune escape mutants of H5 and H7 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Understanding the evolution of immune escape mutants and the location of epitopes is critical for identification of vaccine strains and development of broadly reactive vaccines that can be utilized in humans and animals.
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