ReviewJournal of clinical medicine2024
Pituitary Apoplexy: An Updated Review.
Review in Journal of clinical medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Rare Behavior of Microprolactinoma with Significant Fluctuation in Size During Pregnancy.American journal of medicine open · 2026Article
- Editorial for the Special Issue Entitled "Novel Aspects of Endocrine Care: From Patient-Centered Management of Endocrine Diseases to Guidelines Standards".Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Pituitary apoplexy following cataract surgery: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2026Article
- Subacute Haemorrhagic Pituitary Apoplexy Leading to Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Case Report.Cureus · 2026Article
- Ageing and pituitary neuroendocrine tumours (PitNETs): from bench to bedside.Endocrine-related cancer · 2026Review
- Article
- Isolated primary amenorrhea in a 22-year-old female revealing pituitary apoplexy: a rare case report.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- Metabolomics identifies candidate diagnostic biomarkers for pituitary apoplexy.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Endocrine disorders following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: a comprehensive systematic review.Clinical and experimental vaccine research · 2026Article
- Recurrent pituitary apoplexy: experience from a national registry and review of the literature.Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- Article
- Pituitary apoplexy within a prolactin-secreting macroadenoma in a child: A rare clinical entity with radiological correlation.Radiology case reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Pituitary Apoplexy in a Non-Functioning PitNET After Cabergoline Use: Case Report and Review of the Literature.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Pituitary Apoplexy in a Child with Short Stature and Possible Recent SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Pituitary apoplexy in a patient on antiplatelet therapy: A case report.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2025Article
- Long-term pituitary function following transsphenoidal surgery for non-functional pituitary neuroendocrine tumor with apoplexy: a single-center retrospective analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Predictors of conversion to surgery in pituitary apoplexy: Insights from a Spanish multicenter observational study.Journal of clinical & translational endocrinology · 2025Article
- Septicemia following sudden pituitary apoplexy after bladder tumor surgery: a case report.BMC neurology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pituitary apoplexy (PA) is an acute, life-threatening clinical syndrome caused by hemorrhage and/or infarction of the pituitary gland. It is clinically characterized by the sudden onset of headache. Depending on the severity, it may also be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, varying degrees of adenohypophyseal hormone deficiency, and decreased level of consciousness. Corticotropic axis involvement may result in severe hypotension and contribute to impaired level of consciousness. Precipitating factors are present in up to 30% of cases. PA may occur at any age and sometimes develops during pregnancy or the immediate postpartum period. PA occurs more frequently in men aged 50-60, being rare in children and adolescents. It can develop in healthy pituitary glands or those affected by inflammation, infection, or tumor. The main cause of PA is usually spontaneous hemorrhage or infarction of a pituitary adenoma (pituitary neuroendocrine tumor, PitNET). It is a medical emergency requiring immediate attention and, in many cases, urgent surgical intervention and long-term follow-up. Although the majority of patients (70%) require surgery, about one-third can be treated conservatively, mainly by monitoring fluid and electrolyte levels and using intravenous glucocorticoids. There are scoring systems for PA with implications for management and therapeutic outcomes that can help guide therapeutic decisions. Management of PA requires proper evaluation and long-term follow-up by a multidisciplinary team with expertise in pituitary pathology. The aim of the review is to summarize and update the most relevant aspects of the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, pathophysiology, clinical presentation and clinical forms, diagnosis, therapeutic strategies, and prognosis of PA.
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Registered trials
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