Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38730321›Full record

ArticleMicrobiome2024

Co-localization of antibiotic resistance genes is widespread in the infant gut microbiome and associates with an immature gut microbial composition.

Xuanji Li, Asker Brejnrod, Urvish Trivedi, Jakob Russel, Jonathan Thorsen, Shiraz A Shah, Gisle Alberg Vestergaard, Morten Arendt Rasmussen, Joseph Nesme, Hans Bisgaard and 2 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Microbiome, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
22citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Review
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Antimicrobial Resistance inVeterinary sciences · 2026
    Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Review
  18. Genomic insights into extended-spectrumJournal of medical microbiology · 2025
    Article
  19. Review
  20. Diversity of Multi-Drug Resistance Genes inVeterinary medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Xuanji LiSection of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. xuanji@bio.ku.dk.
Asker BrejnrodSection of Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
Urvish TrivediSection of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Jakob RusselSection of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Jonathan ThorsenCOPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Shiraz A ShahCOPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Gisle Alberg VestergaardSection of Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
Morten Arendt RasmussenCOPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Joseph NesmeSection of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Hans BisgaardCOPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Jakob StokholmCOPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Søren Johannes SørensenSection of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Funding

BIOCODEX INTERNATIONAL GRANT BIOCODEX INTERNATIONAL GRANT 2022The Novo Nordisk Foundation NNF17OC0025014
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIn environmental bacteria, the selective advantage of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) can be increased through co-localization with genes such as other ARGs, biocide resistance genes, metal resistance genes, and virulence genes (VGs). The gut microbiome of infants has been shown to contain numerous ARGs, however, co-localization related to ARGs is unknown during early life despite frequent exposures to biocides and metals from an early age.

resultsWe conducted a comprehensive analysis of genetic co-localization of resistance genes in a cohort of 662 Danish children and examined the association between such co-localization and environmental factors as well as gut microbial maturation. Our study showed that co-localization of ARGs with other resistance and virulence genes is common in the early gut microbiome and is associated with gut bacteria that are indicative of low maturity. Statistical models showed that co-localization occurred mainly in the phylum Proteobacteria independent of high ARG content and contig length. We evaluated the stochasticity of co-localization occurrence using enrichment scores. The most common forms of co-localization involved tetracycline and fluoroquinolone resistance genes, and, on plasmids, co-localization predominantly occurred in the form of class 1 integrons. Antibiotic use caused a short-term increase in mobile ARGs, while non-mobile ARGs showed no significant change. Finally, we found that a high abundance of VGs was associated with low gut microbial maturity and that VGs showed even higher potential for mobility than ARGs.

conclusionsWe found that the phenomenon of co-localization between ARGs and other resistance and VGs was prevalent in the gut at the beginning of life. It reveals the diversity that sustains antibiotic resistance and therefore indirectly emphasizes the need to apply caution in the use of antimicrobial agents in clinical practice, animal husbandry, and daily life to mitigate the escalation of resistance. Video Abstract.

Indexed as

Anti-Bacterial AgentsBacteriaGastrointestinal MicrobiomeCohort StudiesDenmarkDrug Resistance, BacterialDrug Resistance, MicrobialFecesFemaleGenes, BacterialHumansInfantInfant, NewbornMaleAnti-Bacterial AgentsAntibiotics resistance genesCo-localizationGut microbiomeInfantsMetagenomics

Identifiers

PMID38730321
PMCPMC11084089

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.