ReviewCancer biology & medicine2024
Development of small molecule drugs targeting immune checkpoints.
Review in Cancer biology & medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Rechallenge with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Narrative Review.Liver cancer · 2026Review
- Protein Posttranslational Modifications in Immunity: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets.MedComm · 2026Review
- Engineering Polymeric Nano-PROTAC for Targeted Protein Degradation and Cancer Therapy.Polymer science & technology (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- Fragment-based diffusion modeling and molecular dynamics simulation validation for the discovery of PD-L1 small-molecule inhibitors.Molecular diversity · 2026Article
- Review
- Combined Photothermal and mTOR-Targeted Therapy Overcomes Immune Evasion and Enhances Checkpoint Blockade Efficacy in Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Post-translational modifications of immune checkpoints: molecular mechanisms, tumor microenvironment remodeling, and therapeutic implications.Journal of biomedical science · 2026Review
- Therapeutic Alternatives to Recombinant Biologics: Mechanistic Framework, Clinical Evidence, and Selection Guidance.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Review
- Novel PD-L1 Small-Molecule Inhibitors Advancing Cancer Immunotherapy.Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Study on the Molecular Dynamics of 2‑(4-Fluorophenyl)-6-methyl-4-(3- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,2-dihydrodipyrazolo[3,4-b:3',4'‑ACS omega · 2025Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy: what lies beyond monoclonal antibodies?Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Review
- Negative Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- MOF-Mediated Aloe-Emodin Delivery Enhances Hepatocellular Carcinoma Immunotherapy via Pyroptosis and Immunosuppressant Synergy.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Article
- Beyond monoclonal antibodies: constraints and the case for alternative PD-1/PD-L1-targeting formats.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Nano drug delivery systems for advanced immune checkpoint blockade therapy.Theranostics · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are used to relieve and refuel anti-tumor immunity by blocking the interaction, transcription, and translation of co-inhibitory immune checkpoints or degrading co-inhibitory immune checkpoints. Thousands of small molecule drugs or biological materials, especially antibody-based ICIs, are actively being studied and antibodies are currently widely used. Limitations, such as anti-tumor efficacy, poor membrane permeability, and unneglected tolerance issues of antibody-based ICIs, remain evident but are thought to be overcome by small molecule drugs. Recent structural studies have broadened the scope of candidate immune checkpoint molecules, as well as innovative chemical inhibitors. By way of comparison, small molecule drug-based ICIs represent superior oral bioavailability and favorable pharmacokinetic features. Several ongoing clinical trials are exploring the synergetic effect of ICIs and other therapeutic strategies based on multiple ICI functions, including immune regulation, anti-angiogenesis, and cell cycle regulation. In this review we summarized the current progression of small molecule ICIs and the mechanism underlying immune checkpoint proteins, which will lay the foundation for further exploration.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.