ArticleJournal of immunotherapy and precision oncology2024
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Glioblastoma: A Review on Current State and Future Directions.
Article in Journal of immunotherapy and precision oncology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- LAK to CIK continuum in glioma immunotherapy: a systematic review of efficacy and safety outcomes.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Should checkpoint inhibitors be reserved for biomarker-selected pediatric brain tumors?Journal of neuro-oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Article
- Multivalent peptides for blood-brain barrier translocation, cell penetration and microRNA-21 inhibition in glioblastoma.RSC chemical biology · 2026Article
- Immune checkpoint crosstalk between LAG-3 and CD39/CD73 in glioblastoma: dual-pathway regulation of metabolic exhaustion and therapeutic reversal strategies.Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute · 2026Review
- Advances and challenges in glioblastoma immunotherapy: a meta-analysis of immune checkpoint inhibitors.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- Article
- Glioblastoma: epidemiology, molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and therapeutic resistance.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Virus-like particle vaccine targeting meningeal lymphatic vessels via intradural delivery activates anti-glioma immunity.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2026Article
- Evolving Landscape of Glioblastoma Research: Integrating Therapeutic Advances and Diagnostic Frontiers.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- HIST1H2BJ is associated with poor prognosis and an immune-altered tumor microenvironment in glioma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Reconceptualizing glioblastoma immunotherapy: a four-pillar framework to overcome multidimensional resistance.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- STING agonism in brain tumours: mechanisms, challenges, and therapeutic advances.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Glioma tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy: past, present, and future.Biomarker research · 2025Review
- Translational advancements in tumor vaccine therapies for glioblastomas.Neuro-oncology advances · 2025Review
- Oncolytic virus-mediated immunomodulation in glioblastoma: Insights from clinical trials and challenges.Seminars in immunology · 2025Review
- Current landscape of immunotherapy for CNS tumors.Neuro-oncology advances · 2025Review
- Insights into the Structural Patterns in Human Glioblastoma Cell Line SF268 Activity and ADMET Prediction of Curcumin Derivatives.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Integrated Workflow for Drug Repurposing in Glioblastoma: Computational Prediction and Preclinical Validation of Therapeutic Candidates.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Emerging Approaches in Glioblastoma Treatment: Modulating the Extracellular Matrix Through Nanotechnology.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent malignant tumor of the central nervous system. The prognosis of GBM is grim, with a median overall survival of 14.6 months and only 6.9% of patients surviving 5 years after the initial diagnosis. Despite poor outcomes, standard therapy of surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and tumor-treating fields has remained largely unchanged. The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has been a paradigm shift in oncology, with efficacy across a broad spectrum of cancer types. Nonetheless, investigations of ICIs in both newly diagnosed and recurrent GBM have thus far been disappointing. This lack of clinical benefit has been largely attributed to the highly immunosuppressive nature of GBM. However, immunotherapy still holds promise for the treatment of GBM, with combinatorial strategies offering hope for potentially overcoming these current limitations. In this review, we discuss the outcomes of clinical trials employing ICIs in patients with GBM. Afterward, we review ICI combination strategies and how these combinations may overcome the immunosuppressive microenvironment of GBM in the context of preclinical/clinical evidence and ongoing clinical trials.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.