ArticleBMJ open diabetes research & care2024
Eight-year nationwide study of the bidirectional association between type 2 diabetes and depression in nearly 8 million German outpatients.
Article in BMJ open diabetes research & care, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Unveiling the relationship of the comorbidity between depression and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a macro analysis and micro interpretation.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Interactive Virtual Assistant for Health Promotion Among Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: The IVAM-ED Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2026Trial
- Excess Burden of Inpatient Admissions and Emergency Department Visits Associated With Diabetes Across the Age Spectrum.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychosocial burdens in older adults in Germany: findings from the longitudinal Gesundheit 65+ study.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2026Article
- Co-expressed MicroRNAs Associated with An Elevated Psychometabolic Risk Phenotype in Women during Midlife.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Systematic review and meta-analysis on depression burden among Type 2 diabetes patients in India.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2026Review
- Depressive symptoms and cardiometabolic diseases in Chinese middle-aged and older adults: a longitudinal cross-lagged analysis.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Pregnancy complications and risk of cardiometabolic-renal conditions in 1.4 million women in England: longitudinal study.BMJ medicine · 2026Article
- Co-expressed microRNAs associated with elevated psychometabolic risk phenotype in women during midlife.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Burden and associated factors of depressive symptoms among older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in rural southeast Nigeria: a community-based cross-sectional study.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Association Between Plasma SITH-1 Antibody Titers and Treatment Trajectory of Treatment-Resistant Depression.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2025Article
- Article
- [Estimations of incidences of mental disorders in statutory health insurance routine data: methodology and trends from 2006 to 2022].Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz · 2025Article
- Effects of depression and suicidal ideation on health-related quality of life in diabetic individuals: findings from a population-based study.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Article
- Trends in Depression Among Hospitalized Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Spain (2017-2023): A Population-Based Analysis with a Focus on Sex Differences and In-Hospital Outcomes.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Timing of risk factors, prodromal features, and comorbidities of dementia from a large health claims case-control study.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2025Article
- Article
- Anxiety, depression, eating behaviors, and irrational food beliefs as predictors of type 2 diabetes risk in Honduran adults.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Cognitive decline and neuroimaging correlates in comorbid type 2 diabetes and depression: A systematic review.Journal of Alzheimer's disease reportsReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionResearch linking type 2 diabetes and depression mostly relied on hospital-based diagnoses or prescription data, overlooking many outpatient diagnoses. We aimed to quantify the risks of depression in individuals newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, and type 2 diabetes in those newly diagnosed with depression, while exploring potential risk differences depending on age, sex, and follow-up time. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsWe conducted a matched cohort study using German nationwide outpatient claims data from 2012 to 2022. Participants were individuals newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (N=294 642) or depression (N=1 271 537) in 2015, matched in a 1:4 ratio to controls without these conditions by age, sex, and region. The bidirectional risk was evaluated over an 8-year period using mixed-effects Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for the Charlson Comorbidity Index, urbanicity, and area-level deprivation.
resultsNew type 2 diabetes diagnosis was associated with higher depression risk over 8 years (N=54 561 with depression, HR=1.23, 99% CI=1.21 to 1.24). Similarly, depression diagnosis was linked to an increased type 2 diabetes risk (N=71 848 with type 2 diabetes, HR=1.15, 99% CI=1.14 to 1.17). The association between depression and type 2 diabetes was stronger in younger age groups, especially under 34 years. Findings held across sex-stratified analyses. Time stratification showed a more pronounced association between type 2 diabetes and depression risk during the earlier follow-up quarters, whereas the risk of developing type 2 diabetes after depression diagnosis remained constant throughout the follow-up period.
conclusionsOur findings confirm a bidirectional link between type 2 diabetes and depression, particularly in younger individuals. As type 2 diabetes and depression are frequent, future research needs to study whether preventive approaches can reduce the risk of developing this comorbidity.
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