ContourTL-Net: Contour-Based Transfer Learning Algorithm for Early-Stage Brain Tumor Detection.

Brain tumors are critical neurological ailments caused by uncontrolled cell growth in the brain or skull, often leading to death. An increasing patient longevity rate requires prompt detection; however, the complexities of brain tissue make early diagnosis challenging. Hence, automated tools are necessary to aid healthcare professionals. This study is particularly aimed at improving the efficacy of computerized brain tumor detection in a clinical setting through a deep learning model. Hence, a novel thresholding-based MRI image segmentation approach with a transfer learning model based on contour (ContourTL-Net) is suggested to facilitate the clinical detection of brain malignancies at an initial phase. The model utilizes contour-based analysis, which is critical for object detection, precise segmentation, and capturing subtle variations in tumor morphology. The model employs a VGG-16 architecture priorly trained on the "ImageNet" collection for feature extraction and categorization. The model is designed to utilize its ten nontrainable and three trainable convolutional layers and three dropout layers. The proposed ContourTL-Net model is evaluated on two benchmark datasets in four ways, among which an unseen case is considered as the clinical aspect. Validating a deep learning model on unseen data is crucial to determine the model's generalization capability, domain adaptation, robustness, and real-world applicability. Here, the presented model's outcomes demonstrate a highly accurate classification of the unseen data, achieving a perfect sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) of 100%, 98.60% specificity, 99.12% precision, 99.56%