Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38714894›Full record

ArticleJournal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology2025

Does socioeconomic and environmental burden affect vulnerability to extreme air pollution and heat? A case-crossover study of mortality in California.

Mehjar Azzouz, Zainab Hasan, Md Mostafijur Rahman, W James Gauderman, Melissa Lorenzo, Frederick W Lurmann, Sandrah P Eckel, Lawrence Palinkas, Jill Johnston, Michael Hurlburt and 7 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Interactive effects between extreme temperatures and PMEnvironmental research letters : ERL [Web site] · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Mehjar Azzouz *Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. mehjar.azzouz@gu.se.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1988-2010
Zainab Hasan *Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Md Mostafijur RahmanDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
W James GaudermanDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Melissa LorenzoDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Frederick W LurmannSonoma Technology, Inc., Petaluma, CA, USA.
Sandrah P EckelDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Lawrence PalinkasDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Jill JohnstonDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Michael HurlburtSuzanne Dworak Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Sam J SilvaDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Hannah SchlaerthDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Joseph KoDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
George Ban-WeissDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Rob McConnellDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Leo StockfeltOccupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Erika GarciaDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Funding

Translational Research Support CoreP30ES007048 · NIEHS · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI ROB S MCCONNELL · 1996 to 2026
$46.4M
NIEHS NIH HHS P30 ES007048
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundExtreme heat and air pollution is associated with increased mortality. Recent evidence suggests the combined effects of both is greater than the effects of each individual exposure. Low neighborhood socioeconomic status ("socioeconomic burden") has also been associated with increased exposure and vulnerability to both heat and air pollution. We investigated if neighborhood socioeconomic burden or the combination of socioeconomic and environmental exposures ("socioenvironmental burden") modified the effect of combined exposure to extreme heat and particulate air pollution on mortality in California.

methodsWe used a time-stratified case-crossover design to assess the impact of daily exposure to extreme particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM

resultsDuring the study period 1,514,292 all-cause deaths could be assigned residential exposures. Extreme heat and air pollution alone and combined were associated with increased mortality, matching prior reports. Decedents in census tracts with higher socioenvironmental and socioeconomic burden experienced more days with extreme PM

conclusionWe did not find evidence that neighborhood socioenvironmental- or socioeconomic burden significantly influenced the individual or combined impact of extreme exposures to heat and PM IMPACT: We investigated the effect measure modification by socioeconomic and socioenvironmental of the co-occurrence of heat and PM

Indexed as

Air PollutionEnvironmental ExposureExtreme HeatSocioeconomic FactorsAgedAged, 80 and overCaliforniaCross-Over StudiesHeat Stress DisordersHumansMiddle AgedParticulate MatterRespiration DisordersVital StatisticsParticulate MatterAir pollutionClimate changeEnvironmental justiceEpidemiologyParticulate matterVulnerable populations

Identifiers

PMID38714894
PMCPMC11540871

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.