ArticleBrain, behavior, and immunity2024
The biological embedding of social adversity: How adolescent housing insecurity impacts inflammation over time.
Article in Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Sensitive periods to social adversity in immune and metabolic development: A systematic review.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2025Pooled it
- Adolescent residential mobility, local nasal inflammation, and adult susceptibility to the common cold.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Life-course Psychosocial Adversity and Biological Aging in the Hispanic Community Health Study / Study of Latinos: A Life-course Model Analysis.Research square · 2026Article
- Understanding Cancer Health Disparities.Cancers · 2026Review
- Shelter to Survival: Unpacking the Health Impacts of Housing Insecurity Across the Life Course.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Review
- Causal estimation of time-varying treatments in observational studies: a scoping review of methods, applications, and missing data practices.BMC medical research methodology · 2025Article
- Timing of exposure to household poverty and adolescent mental health problems.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND & PURPOSE: Adolescent housing insecurity is a dynamic form of social adversity that impacts child health outcomes worldwide. However, the means by which adolescent housing insecurity may become biologically embedded to influence health outcomes over the life course remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to utilize life course perspectives and advanced causal inference methods to evaluate the potential for inflammation to contribute to the biological embedding of adolescent housing insecurity. MATERIALS AND
methodsUsing prospective data from the Great Smoky Mountains Study, we investigated the relationship between adolescent housing insecurity and whole-blood spot samples assayed for C-reactive protein (CRP). Adolescent housing insecurity was created based on annual measures of frequent residential moves, reduced standard of living, forced separation from the home, and foster care. Annual measures of CRP ranged from 0.001 mg/L to 13.6 mg/L (median = 0.427 mg/L) and were log PRINCIPAL
resultsOf the 1,334 participants, 427 [44.3 %] were female. Based on the conditional average causal effect, one exposure to adolescent housing insecurity from ages 11 to 16 years led to a 6.4 % (95 % CI = 0.69 - 12.4) increase in later CRP levels. Exposure at 14 years of age led to a 27.9 % increase in CRP levels at age 15 (95 % CI = 6.5 - 53.5). Recent exposures to adolescent housing insecurity (<3 years) suggested stronger associations with CRP levels than distant exposures (>3 years), but limited statistical power prevented causal conclusions regarding recency effects at the risk of a Type II Error. MAJOR
conclusionsThese findings highlight inflammation-as indicated by increased CRP levels-as one potential mechanism for the biological embedding of adolescent housing insecurity. The results also suggest that adolescent housing insecurity-particularly recent, repeated, and mid-adolescent exposures-may increase the risk of poor health outcomes and should be considered a key intervention target.
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