ArticleAnnals of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism2024
Gynecomastia in adolescent males: current understanding of its etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.
Article in Annals of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Quilting Sutures and Suction Drains in Preventing Postoperative Complications in Gynecomastia Surgery.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2025Trial
- Mammary adipocyte plasticity and epithelial crosstalk: roles in development, remodeling, and disease.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- From Etiology to Aesthetic Surgery: Mapping Knowledge Domains and Emerging Trends in Gynecomastia Research: 35-Year Bibliometric Analysis.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Review
- Peer Victimization and Psychological Outcomes in Adolescents with Pubertal Gynecomastia: A Case-Control StudyJournal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology · 2026Article
- Article
- A retrospective population-based analysis of 19,640 pediatric and young adult males with gynecomastia.JPRAS open · 2026Article
- Effectiveness and safety of periareolar micro-excision combined with liposuction for gynecomastia: a retrospective cohort of 177 patients.Frontiers in surgery · 2026Article
- Phenotypic Variation and Pubertal Outcomes in Males and Females With 46,XY Partial Gonadal Dysgenesis.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Developmental basis of male nipple loss and retention in mammals.Research square · 2025Article
- Diseases of the Male Breast: Gynecomastia and Breast Cancer.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2025Review
- Association between cannabis use and risk of gynecomastia: commentary on "Gynecomastia in adolescent males: current understanding of its etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment".Annals of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism · 2025Article
- Efavirenz-induced grade III gynecomastia in an HIV-positive male patient: a case report and literature review.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Benign and malignant breast lesions in children and adolescents - diagnostic and therapeutic approach.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Review
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Gynecomastia (GM) is a common and continuously evolving condition that commonly occurs during adolescence. It is the source of significant embarrassment and psychological stress in adolescent males. GM is characterized by enlargement of the male breast due to the proliferation of glandular ducts and stromal components. The main cause of GM during adolescence is physiological or pubertal GM, which is primarily attributed to an imbalance between estrogen and androgen activity. Physiological GM is typically transient and resolves within several months, although it may take several years to resolve. GM may also be caused by other pathological conditions and could be indicative of an endocrine disease. It is crucial to understand the pathogenesis of GM to distinguish it from normal developmental variants due to pathological causes. The aim of this review is to highlight the significance of GM during adolescence in terms of potential etiologies, clinical and laboratory diagnoses, and current management.
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