ArticleScientific reports2024
A longitudinal study on the impact of breastfeeding with or without formula milk on dental caries.
Article in Scientific reports, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Risk of Early Childhood Dental Caries Associated With Prolonged Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of paediatric dentistry · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- A Study of the Relationship Between Breastfeeding, Attachment Style and Oral Health in Pubertal Children: A Network Analysis.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Association Between Calcium and Protein Content of Breast Milk and Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) in Toddlers.Journal of dental research, dental clinics, dental prospects · 2026Article
- A Longitudinal Study on Dental Caries Focusing on Long-Term Breastfed Children in Japan.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Review
- Breastfeeding and early tooth eruption as predictors of dental caries occurrence throughout childhood.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Supragingival plaque microbiota and caries risk factors among children with mixed dentition.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Parental Knowledge of Breastfeeding and Nutrition: Influence on Oral Health and Self-Reported Early Childhood Caries in Preschool Children in Croatia.Pediatric reports · 2025Article
- Breastfeeding patterns and total volume of human milk consumed influence the development of the infant oral microbiome.Journal of oral microbiology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Concerns exist about prolonged breastfeeding increasing dental caries risk, but evidence is mixed. This 2-year cohort study followed 486 toddlers, to examine the association between breastfeeding duration and caries at age 3. Caregivers reported feeding practices and potential confounders every 6 months. "Full breastfeeding" was defined as feeding breastmilk without formula milk regardless of other foods/liquids, whereas "any breastfeeding" was feeding breastmilk with/without formula milk. A calibrated dentist performed dental examinations. We used multivariable log-binomial and negative binomial regressions to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for caries prevalence and severity, adjusted for confounders. At 3-year-old, 60.3% of children exhibited caries (mean decayed-and-filled-teeth, dft: 3.3). Notably, full breastfeeding for 6-17 months reduced caries prevalence (RR = 0.84, 95%CI 0.73-0.98 for 6-11 months; RR = 0.78, 95%CI 0.63-0.96 for 12-17 months). Conversely, any breastfeeding ≥ 18 months significantly increased caries risk (RR = 1.45, 95%CI 1.31-1.60). Full breastfeeding ≥ 6 months or any breastfeeding 6-17 months was associated with lower dft scores in children. Our findings suggest a complex relationship between breastfeeding duration and caries. Full breastfeeding for moderate durations (6-17 months) offers protective benefits, while any breastfeeding ≥ 18 months increases risk in this population.
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