ReviewBrain communications2024
Insertional effect following electrode implantation: an underreported but important phenomenon.
Review in Brain communications, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Does stereoelectroencephalographic depth electrode insertion alter seizure frequency? A baseline versus endpoint analysis.Epilepsia · 2026Article
- Cortical and basal ganglia beta oscillations and frequency-dependent DBS effects in the A53T Parkinson's disease rat model.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Subthalamic stimulation modulates working memory-related cortical dynamics in Parkinson's disease.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Facile Deep Brain Electrode Coating with MXene for Improved Electrode Performance.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Change in brain molecular landscapes following electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- The microlesion effect is associated with global cognitive impairment and predicts motor outcomes after subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease.Journal of neurology · 2025Observational
- Flexible Depth Probes with PEDOT:PSS Microelectrodes for Chronic Recording and Stimulation.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2025Article
- Novel untethered micro-robotic platform developed for minimally invasive ultra-selective microsurgical procedures and targeted drug delivery: Preliminary characterization of tissue response to intraparenchymal navigation in ovine brain.Surgical neurology international · 2025Article
- Neuroplasticity in Parkinson's disease.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2024Review
- Overcoming Graft Rejection in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Inhibitory Interneurons for Drug-Resistant Epilepsy.Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Cognitive aspects of motor control deteriorate while off treatment following subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation surgery in Parkinson's disease.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation has revolutionized the treatment of movement disorders and is gaining momentum in the treatment of several other neuropsychiatric disorders. In almost all applications of this therapy, the insertion of electrodes into the target has been shown to induce some degree of clinical improvement prior to stimulation onset. Disregarding this phenomenon, commonly referred to as 'insertional effect', can lead to biased results in clinical trials, as patients receiving sham stimulation may still experience some degree of symptom amelioration. Similar to the clinical scenario, an improvement in behavioural performance following electrode implantation has also been reported in preclinical models. From a neurohistopathologic perspective, the insertion of electrodes into the brain causes an initial trauma and inflammatory response, the activation of astrocytes, a focal release of gliotransmitters, the hyperexcitability of neurons in the vicinity of the implants, as well as neuroplastic and circuitry changes at a distance from the target. Taken together, it would appear that electrode insertion is not an inert process, but rather triggers a cascade of biological processes, and, as such, should be considered alongside the active delivery of stimulation as an active part of the deep brain stimulation therapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.