A Scoping Review of the Positive and Negative Bacteria Associated With the Gut Microbiomes of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects multiple systems of the body. Recent research on the gut microbiota dysbiosis associated with SLE patients has gained traction and warranted further exploration. It has not been determined whether the change in the gut microbiota is a cause of SLE or a symptom of SLE. However, based on the physiological and pathophysiological role of the bacteria in the gut microbiome, as levels of the bacteria rise or fall, symptomatology in SLE patients could be affected. This review analyzes the recent studies that examined the changes in the gut microbiota of SLE patients and highlights the correlations between gut dysbiosis and the clinical manifestations of SLE. A systematic search strategy was developed by combining the terms "SLE," "systemic lupus erythematosus," and "gut microbiome." Biomedical Reference Collection, CINAHL, Medline ProQuest, and PubMed Central databases were searched by combining the appropriate keywords with "AND." Only full-text, English-language articles were searched. The articles were restricted from 2013 to 2023. Only peer-reviewed controlled studies with both human and animal trials were included in this scoping review. Review articles, non-English articles, editorials, case studies, and duplicate articles from the four databases were excluded. Various species of bacteria were found to be positively or negatively associated with SLE gut microbiomes. Among the bacterial species increased were