ReviewExpert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology2024
Regulation of carboxylesterases and its impact on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: an up-to-date review.
Review in Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Development of an isavuconazole physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for adult and pediatric populations.Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics · 2026Article
- A Comprehensive Review on Irinotecan-Induced Delayed Diarrhea: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Options.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Evaluating plasma carboxylesterase 1 as a protein biomarker for pharmacokinetics and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals · 2026Article
- Unraveling the temporal dynamics of radiation-induced lung injury: a multi-omics integration of transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolic reprogramming.BMC medical genomics · 2026Article
- Biological sex differences in pharmacokinetics and adverse drug reactions.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Experimental and In Silico Approaches to Study Carboxylesterase Substrate Specificity.Journal of xenobiotics · 2026Review
- Flumazenil reversal of remimazolam-induced sedation: a narrative review of safety, pharmacokinetics, and clinical considerations.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Confounding Effect of Hepatic Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) Variability on Clopidogrel Oxidation.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Increased Plasma Concentrations of 6-oxo-Methylphenidate inMedicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents · 2025Article
- Carboxylesterase Factors Influencing the Therapeutic Activity of Common Antiviral Medications Used for SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Differential expression of capecitabine-related metabolic enzymes in hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinical value: a retrospective cohort study.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Protects Against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity via Inhibiting the ROS-MLKL-Mediated Cross-Talk Between Oxidative Stress and Necroptosis.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Carboxylesterase 1 regulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma to inhibit the growth and metastasis of breast cancer cells.Journal of molecular histology · 2025Article
- Urantide alleviates lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure through upregulating carboxylesterase1f in mice.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- A fluorescent probe with a vanillin-pyridine-imidazole core structure for carboxylesterase detection in macrophage polarization during bone homeostasis.Frontiers in chemistry · 2025Article
- Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses of nafamostat in ECMO patients: comparing central vein and ECMO machine samples.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Fluorogenic chemical tools to shed light on CES1-mediated adverse drug interactions.Chemical communications (Cambridge, England) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionCarboxylesterase 1 (CES1) and carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) are among the most abundant hydrolases in humans, catalyzing the metabolism of numerous clinically important medications, such as methylphenidate and clopidogrel. The large interindividual variability in the expression and activity of CES1 and CES2 affects the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of substrate drugs. AREAS COVERED: This review provides an up-to-date overview of CES expression and activity regulations and examines their impact on the PK and PD of CES substrate drugs. The literature search was conducted on PubMed from inception to January 2024. EXPERT OPINION: Current research revealed modest associations of CES genetic polymorphisms with drug exposure and response. Beyond genomic polymorphisms, transcriptional and posttranslational regulations can also significantly affect CES expression and activity and consequently alter PK and PD. Recent advances in plasma biomarkers of drug-metabolizing enzymes encourage the research of plasma protein and metabolite biomarkers for CES1 and CES2, which could lead to the establishment of precision pharmacotherapy regimens for drugs metabolized by CESs. Moreover, our understanding of tissue-specific expression and substrate selectivity of CES1 and CES2 has shed light on improving the design of CES1- and CES2-activated prodrugs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.