ReviewThe American journal of psychiatry2024
Understanding and Addressing Widening Racial Inequalities in Drug Overdose.
Review in The American journal of psychiatry, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Recovery housing for substance use disorder: a systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Racial Disparities in Unmet Pain Treatment Preference, Pain Treatment Satisfaction and Subsequent Opioid Misuse: A Secondary Analysis of a National Multisite RCT.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Trial
- Local level of social inequity moderates implementation of evidence-based practices tailored to minoritized populations to reduce opioid overdose deaths.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2026Trial
- Primary Prevention of Drug Overdoses in Rural Low-Resource and Tribal Communities: A Cluster Randomized Trial.American journal of public health · 2025Trial
- US drug overdose deaths involving stimulants without opioids continued to rise in 2024.Addictive behaviors reports · 2026Article
- Christian Congregations as Sites of Response to Community Substance Use Issues: An Exploratory Needs Assessment Survey of Clergy in North Carolina, USA.Journal of religion and health · 2026Article
- The association between naloxone distribution, buprenorphine treatment and retention and incident high-risk opioid prescribing with opioid overdose death in Kentucky, Massachusetts, New York and Ohio, United States: An exploratory community-level cohort study of data from the HEALing Communities Study.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Observational
- Charting the decline of the fourth wave: US overdose deaths by race, ethnicity and substance involvement.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Retention in Telehealth-Delivered Buprenorphine Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder: Multistate Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- Adolescent Substance Use Screening in the Emergency Department.Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open · 2026Review
- Rationale, design and methods of theBMJ open · 2026Article
- Higher drug overdose mortality among non-hispanic black adults aged 55 and older in the U.S.: Analysis of national death records from CDC's WONDER database (1999-2023).Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2026Article
- Substance use and treatment utilization patterns of working-age American men who were not in employment, education, or training (NEET) during the COVID-19 pandemic.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2026Article
- Community coalition's diversity and targeted overdose prevention strategies designed to reach special populations.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Access to non-police crisis response for people who use drugs: lessons from community safety response programs in two U.S. cities.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Contingency Management for Stimulant-Opioid Co-Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of addiction medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- "The community's memory is timeless": exploring cultural and community context to inform the public health response to the overdose crisis in black communities.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- A comparison of opioid overdose risk behaviors by race and ethnicity among overdose survivors in Boston, MA, and San Francisco, CA.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Charting the Decline of the Fourth Wave: US Overdose Deaths by Race, Ethnicity, and Substance Involvement.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The fourth wave of the United States overdose crisis-driven by the polysubstance use of fentanyl with stimulants and other synthetic substances-has driven sharply escalating racial/ethnic inequalities in drug overdose death rates. Here the authors present a detailed portrait of the latest overdose trends and synthesize the literature to describe where, how, and why these inequalities are worsening. By 2022 overdose deaths among Native and Black Americans rose to 1.8 and 1.4 times the rate seen among White Americans, respectively. This reflects that Black and Native Americans have been disproportionately affected by fentanyl and the combination of fentanyl and stimulants at the national level and in virtually every state. The highest overdose deaths rates are currently seen among Black Americans 55-64 years of age as well as younger cohorts of Native Americans 25-44 years of age. In 2022-the latest year of data available-deaths among White Americans decreased relative to 2021, whereas rates among all other groups assessed continued to rise. Moving forward, Fundamental Cause Theory shows us a relevant universal truth of implementation science: in socially unequal societies, new technologies typically end up favoring more privileged groups first, thereby widening inequalities unless underlying social inequalities are addressed. Therefore, interventions designed to reduce addiction and overdose death rates that are not explicitly designed to also improve racial/ethnic inequalities will often unintentionally end up worsening them. Well-funded community-based programs, with Black and Native leadership, providing harm reduction resources, naloxone, and medications for opioid use disorder in the context of comprehensive, culturally appropriate healthcare and other services, represent the highest priority interventions to decrease inequalities.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.