Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38703491›Full record

Observational studyPublic health2024

Increased COVID-19 mortality among immigrants compared with US-born individuals: a cross-sectional analysis of 2020 mortality data.

A M Bacong, R Chu, A Le, V Bui, N E Wang, L P Palaniappan

Abstract readObservational StudyComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in Public health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

A M BacongStanford University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford University Center for Asian Health Research and Education, Stanford, CA, USA. Electronic address: abacong@stanford.edu.
R ChuStanford University Center for Asian Health Research and Education, Stanford, CA, USA; University of California, Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Department of Community Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Asian American Studies Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
A LeUniversity of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA.
V BuiUniversity of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA.
N E WangStanford University Center for Asian Health Research and Education, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
L P PalaniappanStanford University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford University Center for Asian Health Research and Education, Stanford, CA, USA.

Funding

Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Training GrantT32DK007217 · NIDDK · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Justin Pierce Annes, David Matthew Maahs · 1987 to 2026
$7.2M
CAUSES: Causes of Asian American mortality Understood by Socio-Economic StatusR01MD007012 · NIMHD · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI CULLEN, MARK RICHARD, PALANIAPPAN, LATHA P · 2012 to 2016
$1.9M
META - Mentor, Educate, Train, Advocate: Patient Oriented Researchers in Cardiometabolic DiseaseK24HL150476 · NHLBI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Latha P Palaniappan · 2020 to 2026
$846k
NHLBI NIH HHS K24 HL150476NIDDK NIH HHS T32 DK007217NIMHD NIH HHS R01 MD007012
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveMultiple studies have shown that racially minoritized groups had disproportionate COVID-19 mortality relative to non-Hispanic White individuals. However, there is little known regarding mortality by immigrant status nationally in the United States, despite being another vulnerable population. STUDY

designThis was an observational cross-sectional study using mortality vital statistics system data to calculate proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs) and mortality rates due to COVID-19 as the underlying cause.

methodsRates were compared by decedents' identified race, ethnicity (Hispanic vs non-Hispanic), and immigrant (immigrants vs US born) status. Asian race was further disaggregated into "Asian Indian," "Chinese," "Filipino," "Japanese," "Korean," and "Vietnamese."

resultsOf the over 3.4 million people who died in 2020, 10.4% of all deaths were attributed to COVID-19 as the underlying cause (n = 351,530). More than double (18.9%, n = 81,815) the percentage of immigrants who died of COVID-19 compared with US-born decedents (9.1%, n = 269,715). PMRs due to COVID-19 were higher among immigrants compared with US-born individuals for non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and most disaggregated Asian groups. Among disaggregated Asian immigrants, age- and sex-adjusted PMR due to COVID-19 ranged from 1.58 times greater mortality among Filipino immigrants (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.53, 1.64) to 0.77 times greater mortality among Japanese immigrants (95% CI: 0.68, 0.86). Age-adjusted mortality rates were also higher among immigrant individuals compared with US-born people.

conclusionsImmigrant individuals experienced greater mortality due to COVID-19 compared with their US-born counterparts. As COVID-19 becomes more endemic, greater clinical and public health efforts are needed to reduce disparities in mortality among immigrants compared with their US-born counterparts.

Indexed as

COVID-19Emigrants and ImmigrantsAdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAsianBlack or African AmericanCross-Sectional StudiesEast Asian PeopleEthnicityFemaleHispanic or LatinoHumansMaleMiddle AgedAsian AmericanCOVID-19Health disparitiesHispanicMortality

Identifiers

PMID38703491
PMCPMC11488693

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.