Revealing the impact of autophagy-related genes in rheumatoid arthritis: Insights from bioinformatics.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease that severely impacts physical and mental health. Autophagy is a cellular process involving the degradation of cellular components in lysosomes. However, from a bioinformatics perspective, autophagy-related genes have not been comprehensively elucidated in rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: In this study, we performed differential analysis of autophagy-related genes in rheumatoid arthritis patients using the GSE93272 dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Marker genes were screened by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator. Based on marker genes, we used unsupervised cluster analysis to elaborate different autophagy clusters, and further identified modules strongly associated with rheumatoid arthritis by weighted gene co-expression network analysis. In addition, we constructed four machine learning models, random forest model, support vector machine model, generalized linear model and extreme gradient boosting based on marker genes, and based on the optimal machine learning model, a nomogram model was constructed for distinguishing between normal individuals and rheumatoid arthritis patients. Finally, five external independent rheumatoid arthritis datasets were used for the validation of our results. Results: The results showed that autophagy-related genes had significant expression differences between normal individuals and osteoarthritis patients. Through least absolute shrinkage and selection operator screening, we identified 31 marker genes and found that they exhibited significant synergistic or antagonistic effects in rheumatoid arthritis, and immune cell infiltration analysis revealed significant changes in immune cell abundance. Subsequently, we elaborated different autophagy clusters (cluster 1 and cluster 2) using unsupervised cluster analysis. Next, further by weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we identified a brown module strongly associated with rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, we constructed a nomogram model for five marker genes (CDKN2A, TP53, ATG16L2, FKBP1A, and GABARAPL1) based on a generalized linear model (area under the curve = 1.000), and the predictive efficiency and accuracy of this nomogram model were demonstrated in the calibration curves, the decision curves and the five external independent datasets were validated. Conclusion: This study identified marker autophagy-related genes in rheumatoid arthritis and analyzed their impact on the disease, providing new perspectives for understanding the role of autophagy-related genes in rheumatoid arthritis and providing new directions for its individualized treatment.