Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38698972›Full record

ArticleHeliyon2024

Integrated assessment of irrigation and agriculture management challenges in Nepal: An interdisciplinary perspective.

Santosh Nepal, Nilhari Neupane, Sanju Koirala, Jonathan Lautze, Ram Narayan Shrestha, Dinesh Bhatt, Nirman Shrestha, Manju Adhikari, Santosh Kaini, Shanta Karki and 6 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Heliyon, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Microbial and Chemical Water Quality Assessments Across the Rural and Urban Areas of Nepal: A Scoping Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025
    Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Santosh NepalInternational Water Management Institute, Nepal Office, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Nilhari NeupaneInternational Water Management Institute, Nepal Office, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Sanju KoiralaInternational Water Management Institute, Nepal Office, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Jonathan LautzeInternational Water Management Institute, South Africa Office, Pretoria, South Africa.
Ram Narayan ShresthaInternational Water Management Institute, Nepal Office, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Dinesh BhattDepartment of Water Resources and Irrigation, Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation, Lalitpur, Nepal.
Nirman ShresthaInternational Water Management Institute, Nepal Office, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Manju AdhikariInternational Water Management Institute, Nepal Office, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Santosh KainiWater Resources Research and Development Centre, Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Shanta KarkiDepartment of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Jigyasha Rai YangkhurungDepartment of Water Resources and Irrigation, Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation, Lalitpur, Nepal.
Kapil GnawaliWater and Energy Commission Secretariat, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Ananta Man Singh PradhanWater Resources Research and Development Centre, Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Krishna TimsinaNational Agricultural Policy Research Centre (NAPREC), Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Lalitpur, Nepal.
Saurav PradhanangaInternational Water Management Institute, Nepal Office, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Manohara KhadkaInternational Water Management Institute, Nepal Office, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Agriculture plays a critical role in ensuring food and nutrition security, livelihood, and rural employment in Nepal. Despite substantial investments and institutional reforms, irrigation projects have faced consistently low performance. While existing studies have shed light on technical aspects of irrigation performance, they often focus on specific themes rather than holistic evaluations of sustainability. This research systematically assesses barriers and challenges to effective irrigation water management in Nepal by assessing and ranking the challenges faced by three irrigation systems in western Nepal: Mahakali, Rani Jamara Kulariya, and Babai. To investigate these challenges, we collected data from 449 households, which provided insights into 33 indicators representing key barriers to effective irrigation and agricultural management. The identified challenges were categorized into four broad thematic areas: physical and structural, agricultural and water, socioeconomic and market, and gender and governance. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted to compare these challenges among the three irrigation schemes, different thematic areas, and various locations within each scheme (namely, the head, mid, and tail sections of the system). The findings revealed that timely access and availability of fertilizers, spring water availability and fair market prices of agricultural products are the most significant challenges. The Babai irrigation system faced the most substantial challenges among the three systems, particularly in the mid section. These findings emphasize the interconnectedness of these challenges, highlighting the need for a holistic approach to planning, implementation, and management. Integrated strategies are essential to address socioeconomic, market, and endogenous farming issues, ensuring reliable irrigation water availability for sustainable agricultural production.

Indexed as

agriculture watergender and governanceHolistic assessmentLikert scalesocioeconomic and marketWestern Nepal

Identifiers

PMID38698972
PMCPMC11064071

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.