ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2024
Opportunities and challenges for T cell-based influenza vaccines.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed.
- Safety and immunogenicity of an investigational mRNA-lipid nanoparticle-based monovalent influenza vaccine: Results from a phase 1, randomized, dose-escalation study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Trial
- Advances in Vaccines Against Infectious Diseases.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Past achievements and future perspectives of personalized vaccines and the role of dendritic cells.Immunologic research · 2026Review
- Elicitation of stem-directed antibodies in rhesus macaques by a conventional hemagglutinin immunogen.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- T-cell-mediated immunity to influenza A (H2N3): implications for caccine efficacy and cross-subtype protection.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Local B cell immunity and durable memory after live-attenuated influenza intranasal vaccination of humans.Science translational medicine · 2026Article
- Influenza vaccine-specific CD4NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- HVT-based multiepitope vaccine administered subcutaneously or in ovo boosts protection of inactivated H9N2 vaccine against heterologous virus.Virologica Sinica · 2026Article
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- An H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus vaccine that elicits cross-protective antibodies against conserved domains of H5 and N1 glycoproteins.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of influenza-associated lower respiratory infections, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- T-cell immunity against influenza virus does not require Th1 or Th17 master regulator transcription factors.Mucosal immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- Organoid Models to Study Human Infectious Diseases.Cell proliferation · 2025Review
- Trained Immunity in Health and Disease.MedComm · 2025Review
- Article
- Identification of Novel Neuraminidase Inhibitors as Potential Anti-Influenza Agents: Virtual Screening, Molecular Docking, in vitro Validation and Molecular Dynamic Simulation Studies.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2025Article
- Multiscale dynamic immunomodulation by a nanoemulsified Trojan-TLR7/8 adjuvant for robust protection against heterologous pandemic and endemic viruses.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2025Article
- Glycan site loss in two egg-adapted live attenuated influenza vaccine strains does not cause antigenic mismatches.The Journal of general virology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vaccination remains our main defence against influenza, which causes substantial annual mortality and poses a serious pandemic threat. Influenza virus evades immunity by rapidly changing its surface antigens but, even when the vaccine is well matched to the current circulating virus strains, influenza vaccines are not as effective as many other vaccines. Influenza vaccine development has traditionally focused on the induction of protective antibodies, but there is mounting evidence that T cell responses are also protective against influenza. Thus, future vaccines designed to promote both broad T cell effector functions and antibodies may provide enhanced protection. As we discuss, such vaccines present several challenges that require new strategic and economic considerations. Vaccine-induced T cells relevant to protection may reside in the lungs or lymphoid tissues, requiring more invasive assays to assess the immunogenicity of vaccine candidates. T cell functions may contain and resolve infection rather than completely prevent infection and early illness, requiring vaccine effectiveness to be assessed based on the prevention of severe disease and death rather than symptomatic infection. It can be complex and costly to measure T cell responses and infrequent clinical outcomes, and thus innovations in clinical trial design are needed for economic reasons. Nevertheless, the goal of more effective influenza vaccines justifies renewed and intensive efforts.
Indexed as
Identifiers
38698082What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.