ArticleJournal of psychiatric research2024
Sleep Delta power, age, and sex effects in treatment-resistant depression.
Article in Journal of psychiatric research, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Sex differences in electrical activity of the brain during sleep: a systematic review of electroencephalographic findings across the human lifespan.Biomedical engineering online · 2025Pooled it
- Modulation of early non-rapid eye movement slow wave activity by ketamine in treatment-resistant depression.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Trial
- Exploring the link between waking gamma and sleep delta power in healthy volunteers and individuals with treatment-resistant depression.Journal of affective disorders · 2025Trial
- REM density predicts rapid antidepressant response to ketamine in individuals with treatment-resistant depression.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Trial
- Phenotypic Variability in Slow-Wave Sleep in Depression: Associations With Clinical Profiles and Disorder Severity.Journal of sleep research · 2026Article
- Article
- Correlations between depressive symptoms, verbal working memory, and physical activity in university students: evidence based on resting EEG.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Electroencephalographic (EEG) deficits in slow wave activity or Delta power (0.5-4 Hz) indicate disturbed sleep homeostasis and are hallmarks of depression. Sleep homeostasis is linked to restorative sleep and potential antidepressant response via non-rapid eye movement (NREM) slow wave sleep (SWS) during which neurons undergo essential repair and rejuvenation. Decreased Low Delta power (0.5-2 Hz) was previously reported in individuals with depression. This study investigated power levels in the Low Delta (0.5-<2 Hz), High Delta (2-4 Hz), and Total Delta (0.5-4 Hz) bands and their association with age, sex, and disrupted sleep in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare the nightly progressions of Total Delta, Low Delta, and High Delta in 100 individuals with TRD and 24 healthy volunteers (HVs). Polysomnographic parameters were also examined, including Total Sleep Time (TST), Sleep Efficiency (SE), and Wake after Sleep Onset (WASO). Individuals with TRD had lower Delta power during the first NREM episode (NREM1) than HVs. The deficiency was observed in the Low Delta band versus High Delta. Females with TRD had higher Delta power than males during the first NREM1 episode, with the most noticeable sex difference observed in Low Delta. In individuals with TRD, Low Delta power correlated with WASO and SE, and High Delta correlated with WASO. Low Delta power deficits in NREM1 were observed in older males with TRD, but not females. These results provide compelling evidence for a link between age, sex, Low Delta power, sleep homeostasis, and non-restorative sleep in TRD.
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